ياO منone who علىin حالa state المعاصيof sins أقامpersisted
يا من على حال المعاصي أقام
حتىuntil متىwhen أنتyou وذاكand that المقامstation
حتى متى أنت وذاك المقام
O you who persist in a state of sin,
O you who persists in disobedience
how long will you remain in that state?
How long will you remain in this state?
ياO خائضاone wading فيin لجthe depths بحرof a sea وقدand already
يا خائضا في لج بحر وقد
أغعرىenticed (apparent reading) بهinto it التسويفprocrastination عاماfor a year فغامthen sank
أغعرى به التسويف عاما فغام
O you who wade in a sea's depths, into which
O you who plunges into the sea of sin
procrastination has lured you for a year, and you have sunk;
Engulfed by procrastination year after year
ياO خائضاone wading عشواءblindly فيin فدفدa barren plain
يا خائضا عشواء في فدفد
مسترخمfinding pleasant المرعىthe pasture شديدsevere الأوامthirst
مسترخم المرعى شديد الأوام
O you who stumble blindly across a barren plain,
O you who wanders aimlessly
finding its pasture pleasant, yet fiercely thirsty;
Letting the pasture go barren, pursued by regrets
أبرمpersisting (uncertain reading) لاnot تلويyou turn عنانthe reins السرىof night travel
أبرم لا تلوي عنان السرى
عنaway from مهمةa wilderness (apparent reading) ضنكharsh كثيرfull of الهوامvermin
عن مهمة ضنك كثير الهوام
you persist, never turning the reins of your night journey
Take the reins, do not let them slip
away from a harsh wilderness teeming with vermin.
From the difficult task, laden with concerns
وكمand how many كمhow many سودتyou blackened منof أبيضsomething white
وكم كم سودت من أبيض
بقبحwith the ugliness of فعلa deed ذمّةcondemned it (apparent reading) كلevery ذامcensurer
بقبح فعل ذمّة كل ذام
How many, how many white things have you blackened
How much virtue has been blackened
with an ugly deed condemned by every censurer!
By ugly deeds that dishonor all of repute
أماhas ... not? نهاكrestrained you الشيgray hair (apparent reading) فيin وعظهits admonition
أما نهاك الشي في وعظه
لماwhen أتىcame ينذرwarning بالانصرامof the ending
لما أتى ينذر بالانصرام
Has gray hair not restrained you with its admonition,
Did not the Sheikh, in his preaching
when it came warning that your time was ending?
Warn you that time is running out?
هشتbecame cheerful لكfor you الدنياthe world فقابلتهاso you greeted it
هشت لك الدنيا فقابلتها
بالبشرwith cheerfulness والإقبالand eager approach والاستلامand an embrace
بالبشر والإقبال والاستلام
The world smiled upon you, and you greeted it
The world smiled at you, and you greeted it
with cheerfulness, eagerness, and an embrace.
With cheer, acceptance and embrace
واغتضتand you exchanged (apparent reading) عنin place of باقsomething enduring بهازfor [unclear word] ومنand whoever
واغتضت عن باق بهاز ومن
يقتصexacts خسيساsomething base عنin exchange for نفيسsomething precious يلامis blamed
يقتص خسيسا عن نفيس يلام
You exchanged what endures for [unclear]; and whoever
Yet you frowned at the devout and those
exacts something base for something precious is blamed.
Who condemn the vile and praise the virtuous
ماnot زخرفthe glitter الدنياof the world ولذّتهاand its pleasure
ما زخرف الدنيا ولذّتها
إلاexcept كنيفa shelter الطيفof a phantom عندat المنامsleep
إلا كنيف الطيف عند المنام
The world's glitter and its pleasure are nothing
The world's glamour and pleasures
but a phantom's shelter in sleep.
Are but like a phantom in a dream
وهلand does ...? يرىregard مقدارهاits worth حاذقa discerning person
وهل يرى مقدارها حاذق
إلاexcept كقدرlike the measure of النقصdeficiency حالduring التمامcompleteness
إلا كقدر النقص حال التمام
Does a discerning person ever judge its worth
And who but the discerning see
except as deficiency amid completeness?
Its true worth at the moment of passing?
دارan abode متىwhenever ماever (emphatic) نعمتgave comfort عذبتtormented
دار متى ما نعمت عذبت
أوor نولتbestowed جادتgave lavishly بنقضby undoing المرامthe desired aim
أو نولت جادت بنقض المرام
An abode that, whenever it gives ease, torments,
An abode that, when blessed, torments
or grants a gift, lavishes the undoing of one's desire.
Or, when it enriches, breaches covenants
ماnever أضحكتmade laugh منany (emphatic) امرئa person بالمنىwith hopes
ما أضحكت من امرئ بالمنى
إلاexcept وبكتهand made him weep الدموعtears الدوامunceasing
إلا وبكته الدموع الدوام
Never has it made a person laugh with hopes
It never made a man happy with success
without unceasing tears making him weep.
Except to later make him weep in anguish
ولاand not سقتgave drink أوor أطعمتfed جائعاa hungry person
ولا سقت أو أطعمت جائعا
إلاexcept وصغتهand choked him (uncertain reading) بذاكwith that الطعامfood
إلا وصغته بذاك الطعام
Nor has it given drink or fed a hungry person
It never quenched a thirst or fed the famished
without choking him on that food [uncertain reading].
Except to leave him craving that meal again
كمhow often سالتflowed غدراtreacherously ودانتand drew near قلىhatred
كم سالت غدرا ودانت قلى
واستسنمتand rose high نفخاthrough swelling وصحتand became healthy سقامsickness
واستسنمت نفخا وصحت سقام
How often it flowed treacherously and drew near in hatred,
How often it betrayed and burdened souls
and rose high through swelling, its health a sickness!
Surrendering them to disease and ills
تعساperdition لهاto it منas a غادراtraitor شأنهاits habit
تعسا لها من غادرا شأنها
خلفbreaking المواعيدpromises وخفرand violating الذمامcovenants
خلف المواعيد وخفر الذمام
Perdition to it, a traitor whose way is
Wretched is he who neglected his duties
breaking promises and violating covenants.
Breaking promises and pacts
فاجنحso incline إلىtoward الأخرىthe hereafter ودعand leave ماwhat ترىyou see
فاجنح إلى الأخرى ودع ما ترى
ماnot هذهthese الأحلامdreams إلاbut منامsleep
ما هذه الأحلام إلا منام
So turn toward the life to come, and leave what you see;
So take refuge in the Hereafter and leave this world
these dreams are nothing but sleep.
These dreams are but slumber
ولاand do not تقضspend العمرlife فيin غفلةheedlessness
ولا تقض العمر في غفلة
فليسfor there is no للنوامfor sleepers حظshare القيامkeeping vigil
فليس للنوام حظ القيام
Do not spend your lifetime in heedlessness,
Do not spend your life heedlessly
for sleepers have no share in standing vigil.
For the sleeping have no share of the awakened
فبادرso hasten to التوبةrepentance تمحوyou erase بهاthrough it
فبادر التوبة تمحو بها
ماwhat سودتهblackened it الموبقاتruinous sins العظامthe grave
ما سودته الموبقات العظام
Hasten to repentance, that through it you may erase
Repent, erase with it
what grievous, ruinous sins have blackened.
The grave sins of the past
واخلعand cast off إزارthe wrap الغيof error والبسand put on ثياgarments (word fragment)
واخلع إزار الغي والبس ثيا
بcompletion of 'garments' الرشدright guidance واستصغرand humble yourself لأذنىbefore the lowliest (apparent reading) الأنامof humankind
ب الرشد واستصغر لأذنى الأنام
Cast off the wrap of error and put on the garments
Cast off the cloak of sin, and don the robe
of right guidance; humble yourself before the lowliest of humankind.
Of righteousness, however lowly in people's eyes
واستلزمand hold fast to التقوىpiety وكنand be طائعاobedient
واستلزم التقوى وكن طائعا
فالفوزfor success كلall الفوزsuccess فيin الالتزامsteadfast adherence
فالفوز كل الفوز في الالتزام
Hold fast to piety, and be obedient,
Commit to piety, and be obedient
for success—all success—lies in steadfast adherence.
For true success lies in compliance
ورتلand recite with measured care القرآنthe Qur'an وكنand be طائعاobedient
ورتل القرآن وكن طائعا
فإنfor indeed فيin القرآنthe Qur'an نيلattaining المرامthe desired aim
فإن في القرآن نيل المرام
Recite the Qur'an with measured care, and be obedient,
Recite the Quran, and be compliant
for in the Qur'an lies the attainment of your desire.
For in the Quran lies the attainment of hopes
وارفعand raise يدthe hand التسآلof supplication وانصبand set out قرىhospitality food
وارفع يد التسآل وانصب قرى
الأقرانone's peers واقنعand be content بانخفاضwith the lowliness of المقامone's station
الأقران واقنع بانخفاض المقام
Raise your hand in supplication, and set out food for
Raise your hands in supplication, and visit
your peers; be content with a lowly station.
Your peers, content with a modest standing
وارسلand release سحابclouds الدمعof tears واصفand purify الحشاthe inner heart
وارسل سحاب الدمع واصف الحشا
واقرعand knock بأيديwith the hands of الفقرpoverty بابthe gate السلامof peace
واقرع بأيدي الفقر باب السلام
Let loose the clouds of tears and purify your heart,
Send forth clouds of tears, travel the lands
and knock with the hands of poverty upon the gate of peace.
Knocking on doors with the hands of poverty
والهجand speak continually بمدحin praise of المصطفىthe Chosen One المجتبىthe Elect
والهج بمدح المصطفى المجتبى
تحظىyou will gain بنيلby attaining النائلthe gift المستدامthe enduring
تحظى بنيل النائل المستدام
Keep praising the Chosen One, the Elect,
Praise the Chosen One, the Elect
and you will attain the enduring gift.
To gain favor lasting and secure
محمدMuhammad الهاديthe guide الحبيبthe beloved الفتىthe noble youth
محمد الهادي الحبيب الفتى
شمسthe sun العلاof glory المختارthe chosen خيرthe best of الأنامhumankind
شمس العلا المختار خير الأنام
Muhammad, the guide, the beloved, the noble youth,
Muhammad, the Guide, the Beloved, the Youth
the sun of glory, the chosen, the best of humankind;
Sun of Exaltation, the Chosen, Best of Mankind
الفاتحthe opener الخاتمthe seal حاميguardian of الهدىguidance
الفاتح الخاتم حامي الهدى
الحاشرthe gatherer العاقبthe final successor ماحيeffacer of الظلامdarkness
الحاشر العاقب ماحي الظلام
the opener, the seal, the guardian of guidance,
Opener and Seal, Guardian of the Creed,
the gatherer, the final successor, the effacer of darkness;
Vanquisher of darkness, blotting out gloom
الأولthe first الأخيرthe last مبدأthe origin of الورىcreation
الأول الأخير مبدأ الورى
الظاهرthe manifest الباطنthe hidden مسكthe musk الختامof the ending
الظاهر الباطن مسك الختام
the first, the last, the origin of creation,
The First and Last, Origin of creation
the manifest, the hidden, the musk of the close;
Manifest and Hidden, Seal of Messages
نجمthe star السرىof night travel كهفthe refuge القرىof villages بحرهhis sea
نجم السرى كهف القرى بحره
سرthe secret النهىof reason وسطيthe center (unclear form) عقودnecklaces النظامof ordered stringing
سر النهى وسطي عقود النظام
the star of night travel, the refuge of villages; his sea is
Star of ascendance, refuge of souls, his sea
the secret of reason, the center of ordered necklaces;
Is the mystery of Providence, pillar of order
غوثthe succor اليتامىof orphans غيثrain for ضاميone parched with thirst (apparent reading) الحشاthe inner heart
غوث اليتامى غيث ضامي الحشا
بحرthe sea الندىof generosity الزاخرthe overflowing مأويthe refuge الأنامof humankind
بحر الندى الزاخر مأوي الأنام
the succor of orphans, rain for those parched within,
Succor of the orphans, rain for the famished
the overflowing sea of generosity, the refuge of humankind;
Ocean of bounty, sanctuary for all peoples
صبحthe dawn العلاof glory الوضاحthe radiant شمسthe sun الضحىof forenoon
صبح العلا الوضاح شمس الضحى
نجمthe star السرىof night travel الوقادthe blazing بدرthe full moon التمامof fullness
نجم السرى الوقاد بدر التمام
the radiant dawn of glory, the sun of morning,
Dawn of exaltation, blazing sun
the blazing star of night travel, the moon at its fullness;
Ascendant star, full moon of perfection
الأوصلthe best at maintaining ties الأوفىthe most faithful الشفيعthe intercessor الرضاthe well-pleasing
الأوصل الأوفى الشفيع الرضا
الأصولthe fiercest in attack الحاميthe protector الشجاعthe brave الهمامthe valiant
الأصول الحامي الشجاع الهمام
the best at maintaining ties, the most faithful, the intercessor, the well-pleasing,
The Nearest, the Truest, Pleasing Intercessor
the fiercest in attack, the protector, the brave, the valiant;
The Root, Protector, Brave and Bold
الأكرمthe most generous الأسنىthe most splendid النبيthe prophet التقيthe pious
الأكرم الأسنى النبي التقي
الأعظمthe greatest الأعلىthe loftiest الرسولthe messenger الإمامthe imam
الأعظم الأعلى الرسول الإمام
the most generous, the most splendid, the pious prophet,
The Noblest, Most Virtuous, Godfearing Prophet
the greatest, the loftiest, the messenger, the imam;
The Greatest, Highest, Leader and Imam
منhe who أمled in prayer بالأملاكwith the angels والرسلand the messengers إذwhen
من أم بالأملاك والرسل إذ
كانواthey were لهfor him صفاa row وكانand he was الإمامthe imam
كانوا له صفا وكان الإمام
he who led the angels and messengers in prayer, when
From a people, with angels and messengers
they formed a row for him, and he was the imam;
Circling him, coming before and behind
منhe who قدindeed رقىclimbed المعراجthe ascent حتىuntil ارتقىhe rose
من قد رقى المعراج حتى ارتقى
لسدرةto the Lote Tree العلياthe lofty لأعلىto the highest مقامstation
لسدرة العليا لأعلى مقام
he who climbed the ascent until he rose
Who ascended the Lote Tree, rising beyond
to the lofty Lote Tree, to the highest station;
To Sidrat al-Muntaha, to the highest station
منhe who شاهدbeheld المولىthe Lord ونالand attained المنىhis wishes
من شاهد المولى ونال المنى
وامتازand was distinguished بالإكرامby honor والاحترامand reverence
وامتاز بالإكرام والاحترام
he who beheld the Lord and attained his wishes,
Who saw his Lord and attained his hopes
and was distinguished by honor and reverence;
Distinguished with honor and esteem
منhe who خصهsingled him out اللهGod باشياءwith things لمdid not
من خصه الله باشياء لم
يخصصgrant exclusively بهاwith them إلاهexcept him (unclear form) يومthe day القيامof resurrection
يخصص بها إلاه يوم القيام
he whom God singled out for things that
To whom Allah granted miracles that
He has reserved for him alone on the Day of Resurrection;
None shall be granted till the Day of Reckoning
منhe who أنبعmade spring forth السلسالsweet flowing water بكفهwith his palm
من أنبع السلسال بكفه
وسبحand glorified God الصلدhard stone بهاthrough it والطعامand food
وسبح الصلد بها والطعام
he who made sweet water spring forth from his palm,
Who caused the chain to spring from his fist
and hard stone and food glorified God through it;
And the boulder to glorify Him, and the food
والعودand the branch والجدولand the rivulet بهاthrough it أصبحاthe two became
والعود والجدول بها أصبحا
هذاكthat one مخضرgreen وهذاand this one حسامa sharp sword
هذاك مخضر وهذا حسام
and through it the branch and the rivulet became—
The staff and stream, by his touch turned
that one green, and this one a sharp sword.
One verdant, one gushing forth water
وشقand was split بدرthe full moon الأفقof the horizon منfor أجلهhis sake
وشق بدر الأفق من أجله
والضبand the desert lizard قدindeed نجاهspoke privately to him (apparent reading) بعدafter السلامthe greeting
والضب قد نجاه بعد السلام
The full moon on the horizon was split for his sake,
The moon split for him across the horizon
and the desert lizard spoke privately to him after its greeting;
And the wolf spoke greeting after him with peace
والشمسand the sun ردتwas brought back بعدafter غيبsetting لهfor him
والشمس ردت بعد غيب له
وقدand indeed وقاهshielded him from الحرheat ظلthe shade الغمامof clouds
وقد وقاه الحر ظل الغمام
the sun was brought back for him after setting,
The sun returned for him after setting
and the clouds' shade shielded him from the heat;
As did the shade of clouds protect him from heat
والنخلand the palm trees لماwhen إنindeed (emphatic) دعاهاhe called them أتتthey came
والنخل لما إن دعاها أتت
طوعاwillingly لماfor what قدhad شاءhe desired منهاof them ورامand sought
طوعا لما قد شاء منها ورام
when he called the palm trees, they came
The palms came to him when beckoned
willingly to fulfill what he desired and sought of them;
Of their own accord, as he willed and desired
والفحلand the male camel ماwhen إنindeed (emphatic) بكىwept واشتكىand complained
والفحل ما إن بكى واشتكى
منof مؤلمthe pain of النحرslaughter كفاهhe spared it الحمامdeath
من مؤلم النحر كفاه الحمام
when the male camel wept and complained
The camel, crying out in agony
of the pain of slaughter, he spared it death;
From the pain of slaughter, was calmed by his touch
ودرتand gave milk الحائلthe barren female إذwhen مسهاhe touched her
ودرت الحائل إذ مسها
واشبعand sated الألفthe thousand بصاعwith a sa' measure of طعامfood
واشبع الألف بصاع طعام
the barren female gave milk when he touched her,
The trench overflowed when he touched it
and he fed a thousand to fullness with a sa' of food;
And a sa' fed a thousand fully
والعينand the eye بعدafter القلعbeing torn out قدindeed ردّهاhe restored it
والعين بعد القلع قد ردّها
وامتاحهاand drew it forth واقتداهاand led it (unclear form) بالزمامby the rein
وامتاحها واقتداها بالزمام
he restored the eye after it had been torn out,
After plucking out, the eye was restored
and drew it forth and led it by the rein [unclear wording].
And followed his lead, by the bridle led
وهكذاand likewise كفthe hand ابنson of عفراAfra الفتىthe youth
وهكذا كف ابن عفرا الفتى
أعادهاhe restored it منfrom بعدafter قطعthe severing by الحسامthe sharp sword
أعادها من بعد قطع الحسام
Likewise, the hand of the young Ibn Afra
And likewise the son of Ufra, healed it
he restored after a sharp sword had severed it;
Returning it whole after being severed by the sword
وكمand how many كفىhe warded off بالنفثby blowing منof عاهةan affliction
وكم كفى بالنفث من عاهة
وكمand how often شفىhe healed بالتفلwith spittle ضرthe harm السقامof illness
وكم شفى بالتفل ضر السقام
how many an affliction he warded off by blowing,
And how many were cured of illness
and how often he cured the harm of illness with spittle;
By his breath, and how many ills were remedied
وكمand how many وكمand how many أبرأhe cured منof علةan ailment
وكم وكم أبرأ من علة
وكمand how many وكمand how many كفىhe averted أموراmatters عظامgrave
وكم وكم كفى أمورا عظام
how many, how many ailments he healed,
And how many, how many were relieved of afflictions
and how many, how many grave matters he averted;
And how many grave matters were resolved
وكمand how many وكمand how many أظهرhe displayed منof معجزa miracle
وكم وكم أظهر من معجز
أعجزrendered powerless واللهby God جميعall الأنامhumankind
أعجز والله جميع الأنام
how many, how many miracles he displayed
And how many signs he manifested
that rendered, by God, all humankind powerless!
That truly astounded all of mankind
فهوso he is الحبيبthe beloved المتجبىthe elect (apparent reading) المرتضىthe well-pleasing
فهو الحبيب المتجبى المرتضى
وهوand he is الشفيعthe intercessor الذخرthe treasure held in reserve يومthe day القيامof resurrection
وهو الشفيع الذخر يوم القيام
Thus he is the beloved, the elect, the well-pleasing,
He is the Beloved, the Chosen, the Pleased
and he is the intercessor, the treasure for the Day of Resurrection.
He is the Intercessor, Refuge on Judgment Day
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بهthrough him صحةhealth
وهو الذي أرجو به صحة
تمنعthat protects جسميmy body منfrom ضنىwasting sickness واهتضامand oppression
تمنع جسمي من ضنى واهتضام
And he is the one through whom I hope for health
He is the one I hope will heal
that shields my body from wasting sickness and oppression;
My body from frailty and exhaustion
وهوand he is الذيthe one who ارجوI hope بهthrough him العودreturn عنwithin
وهو الذي ارجو به العود عن
قربa short time إلىto البيتthe House العتيقthe ancient الحرامthe sacred
قرب إلى البيت العتيق الحرام
and he is the one through whom I hope to return
He is the one I hope will return me soon
soon to the ancient, sacred House;
To the Ancient House, the Sacred Sanctuary
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوهI hope in him إنif حلbefalls بيupon me
وهو الذي أرجوه إن حل بي
داعيthe herald المناياof deaths واعترانيand overtakes me الحمامdeath
داعي المنايا واعتراني الحمام
and he is the one I hope in when there comes to me
He is the one I hope, when death's envoy arrives
death's herald, and death overtakes me;
And distress overcomes me, will be my defender
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بهthrough him الفوزsalvation فيin
وهو الذي أرجو به الفوز في
قبريmy grave وفيand in الألدthe bitterest الخصامcontention
قبري وفي الألد الخصام
and he is the one through whom I hope for salvation in
He is the one I hope will make me successful
my grave and in the bitterest contention;
In my grave and the Greatest Struggle to come
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بهthrough him الخيرgood للمولىfor the master
وهو الذي أرجو به الخير للمولى
ابيAbu عمرUmar والإمامand the imam الهمامthe valiant
ابي عمر والإمام الهمام
and he is the one through whom I hope for good for the master,
He is the one I hope will bless my patron
Abu Umar and the valiant imam;
The Imam, the Great, Abode of Glory
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بهthrough him النجحsuccess للمولىfor the master
وهو الذي أرجو به النجح للمولى
الرضاthe well-pleasing المسعودthe fortunate مأوىthe refuge الأيامof the days
الرضا المسعود مأوى الأيام
and he is the one through whom I hope for success for the master,
He is the one I hope will grant success
the well-pleasing, fortunate one, the refuge of the days;
To the Pleased, the Auspicious, Haven of Days
وهوand he is الذيthe one who بهthrough him العفوpardon عنfor
وهو الذي به العفو عن
آبائيmy forefathers والأشياخand the elders يومon the day الزحامof thronging
آبائي والأشياخ يوم الزحام
and he is the one through whom comes pardon for
He is the one by whom sins will be pardoned
my forefathers and the elders on the day of thronging;
For my fathers and teachers on the Day of Assembly
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بهthrough him الصفحforgiveness عنfor
وهو الذي أرجو به الصفح عن
آبائيmy forefathers والأشياخand the elders يومon the day الزحامof thronging
آبائي والأشياخ يوم الزحام
and he is the one through whom I hope for forgiveness for
He is the one I hope will forgive
my forefathers and the elders on the day of thronging;
My fathers and teachers on the Day of Assembly
وهوand he is الذيthe one who أرجوI hope بمدحيthrough my praise لهof him
وهو الذي أرجو بمدحي له
أنthat يعقبmay be followed البدءthe beginning بحسنwith the goodness of الختامthe ending
أن يعقب البدء بحسن الختام
and he is the one through praising whom I hope
He is the one I hope my praises of
that the beginning may be followed by a good ending.
Will conclude my beginning with a good end
صلىmay ... bless عليهupon him اللهGod ماas long as مزقتtore apart
صلى عليه الله ما مزقت
أيديthe hands الصباof the east wind فيin الأفقthe horizon مسحthe sackcloth الظلامof darkness
أيدي الصبا في الأفق مسح الظلام
May God bless him as long as
May Allah bless him as long as
the hands of the east wind rend the sackcloth of darkness on the horizon,
The hands of dawn unfold the darkness's veil
والآلand the family والأصحابand the companions ماas long as لاحshone فيin
والآل والأصحاب ما لاح في
أعلىthe highest بروجconstellations السعدof good fortune بدرthe full moon التمامat its fullness
أعلى بروج السعد بدر التمام
and his family and companions, as long as there shines in
And his Family and Companions, as long as
the highest constellations of good fortune the full moon.
The star of felicity shines at the summit of high abodes
Sol 6.1