ماwhat بالُis the matter with نَومِكَyour sleep بِالفِراشِin bed غِراراin brief snatches
ما بالُ نَومِكَ بِالفِراشِ غِرارا
لَوif أَنَّthat قَلبَكَyour heart يَستَطيعُcould لَطاراit would surely fly
لَو أَنَّ قَلبَكَ يَستَطيعُ لَطارا
Why is your sleep in bed so scant?
If your heart could, it would fly.
وَإِذاand when وَقَفتَyou stood عَلىat المَنازِلِthe dwellings بِاللِوىat al-Liwa
وَإِذا وَقَفتَ عَلى المَنازِلِ بِاللِوى
هاجَتstirred عَلَيكَin you رُسومُهاtheir traces اِستِعباراweeping
هاجَت عَلَيكَ رُسومُها اِستِعبارا
And when you stand at the dwellings at al-Liwa,
their traces stir you to weeping.
حَيِّgreet المَنازِلَthe dwellings وَالمَنازِلُwhile the dwellings أَصبَحَتhave become
حَيِّ المَنازِلَ وَالمَنازِلُ أَصبَحَت
بَعدَafter الأَنيسِcompanionship مِنَof الأَنيسِcompanionship قِفاراdesolate
بَعدَ الأَنيسِ مِنَ الأَنيسِ قِفارا
Greet the dwellings, though the dwellings have become
after companionship, wastelands without a companion.
وَالغانِياتُand the lovely women رَجَعنَreturned كُلَّevery مَوَدَّةٍaffection
وَالغانِياتُ رَجَعنَ كُلَّ مَوَدَّةٍ
إِذwhen كانَwas قَلبُكَyour heart عِندَهُنَّwith them مُعاراon loan
إِذ كانَ قَلبُكَ عِندَهُنَّ مُعارا
And the lovely women returned every affection
when your heart was on loan to them.
أَصبَحنَthey have become بَعدَafter خِلابَةٍblandishment وَتَذَلُّلٍand submissiveness
أَصبَحنَ بَعدَ خِلابَةٍ وَتَذَلُّلٍ
يَقطَعنَthey avert دونَbefore حَديثِكَyour speech الأَبصاراthe eyes
يَقطَعنَ دونَ حَديثِكَ الأَبصارا
After blandishment and meekness, they have come
to avert their eyes before you can speak.
أَفَماwill you not, then تُريدُwish لِحِقدِهِنَّfor their rancor تَحَقُّداًto harbor rancor
أَفَما تُريدُ لِحِقدِهِنَّ تَحَقُّداً
أَمor ماnot تُريدُwish عَنِfrom الهَوىlove إِقصاراto desist
أَم ما تُريدُ عَنِ الهَوى إِقصارا
Will you not answer their rancor with rancor,
or do you not wish to desist from love?
وَلَقَدand indeed يَرَينَكَthey saw you وَالقَناةُwhile the spear-shaft قَويمَةٌwas straight
وَلَقَد يَرَينَكَ وَالقَناةُ قَويمَةٌ
وَالدَهرُand time يَصرِفُdeals out لِلفَتىto a young man أَطواراchanging fortunes
وَالدَهرُ يَصرِفُ لِلفَتى أَطوارا
And indeed they once saw you when the spear-shaft was straight,
and time brings changing fortunes to a young man—
أَزمانَin the days when أَهلُكَyour kin فيamong الجَميعِthe gathered company تَرَبَّعواthey spent spring
أَزمانَ أَهلُكَ في الجَميعِ تَرَبَّعوا
ذاDhu البَيضِal-Bayd ثُمَّthen تَصَيَّفواthey spent summer دُوّاراDuwwar
ذا البَيضِ ثُمَّ تَصَيَّفوا دُوّارا
in the days when your kin, all together, spent spring
at Dhu al-Bayd, then summered at Duwwar.
طَرَقَتvisited by night جُعادَةُJu'ada بِالرَصافَةِat al-Rasafa أَرحُلاًsaddles
طَرَقَت جُعادَةُ بِالرَصافَةِ أَرحُلاً
مِنfrom رامَتَينِRamatayn لَشَطَّwas indeed distant ذاكَthat مَزاراas a place to visit
مِن رامَتَينِ لَشَطَّ ذاكَ مَزارا
Ju'ada visited the saddles at al-Rasafa by night,
from Ramatayn—truly, that was a distant visit!
وَإِذاand when نَزَلتِyou lodge مِنَamong البِلادِthe lands بِمَنزِلٍat a dwelling
وَإِذا نَزَلتِ مِنَ البِلادِ بِمَنزِلٍ
وُقِيَmay it be spared النُحوسَill fortune وَأُسقِيَand given to drink الأَمطاراrains
وُقِيَ النُحوسَ وَأُسقِيَ الأَمطارا
And when you lodge at a place in any land,
may it be spared ill fortune and given rains to drink.
طالَhas grown long النَهارُthe day بِبَربَروسَat Barbarus وَقَدthough once نَرىwe found
طالَ النَهارُ بِبَربَروسَ وَقَد نَرى
أَيّامَناour days بِقُشاوَتَينِat Qushawatayn قِصاراshort
أَيّامَنا بِقُشاوَتَينِ قِصارا
The day has grown long at Barbarus, though we once found
our days at Qushawatayn short.
ماnever كُنتَyou were تَنزِلُlodging ياO فَرَزدَقُFarazdaq مَنزِلاًin a place
ما كُنتَ تَنزِلُ يا فَرَزدَقُ مَنزِلاً
إِلّاexcept that تَرَكتَyou left بِهِin it لِقَومِكَfor your people عاراdisgrace
إِلّا تَرَكتَ بِهِ لِقَومِكَ عارا
You never lodged in a place, O Farazdaq,
without leaving disgrace there for your people.
وَإِذاand when لَقيتَyou meet بَنيthe sons of خَضافِKhadaf فَقُلthen say لَهُمto them
وَإِذا لَقيتَ بَني خَضافِ فَقُل لَهُم
يَومُthe day of الزُبَيرِal-Zubayr كَساclothed الوُجوهَthe faces غُباراin dust
يَومُ الزُبَيرِ كَسا الوُجوهَ غُبارا
And when you meet the sons of Khadaf, say to them:
'The day of al-Zubayr clothed the faces in dust.'
لُؤمَbaseness of المَواطِنِthe battlefields ياO قُيونَsmiths of مُجاشِعٍMujashi'
لُؤمَ المَواطِنِ يا قُيونَ مُجاشِعٍ
فيamong الناسِpeople أَنجَدَreached the uplands خِزيُهُنَّtheir shame وَغاراand reached the lowlands
في الناسِ أَنجَدَ خِزيُهُنَّ وَغارا
Such baseness on the battlefields, O smiths of Mujashi'!
Their shame has spread among men, to uplands and lowlands.
غَرّواthey deceived بِحَبلِهِمُwith their rope (pledge) الزُبَيرَal-Zubayr فَلَمand so did not يَجِدfind
غَرّوا بِحَبلِهِمُ الزُبَيرَ فَلَم يَجِد
عِندَwhen granting الجِوارِprotection بِحَبلِكَin your rope (pledge) اِستِمراراlasting strength
عِندَ الجِوارِ بِحَبلِكَ اِستِمرارا
They deceived al-Zubayr with their rope of protection, and he found no
lasting strength in your rope when it came to protection.
ماnot كانَhad جَرَّبَexperienced فيin الحُروبِwars عَدُوُّكُمyour enemy
ما كانَ جَرَّبَ في الحُروبِ عَدُوُّكُم
ناباًa fang تَعَضُّyou bite بِهِwith it وَلاnor أَظفاراclaws
ناباً تَعَضُّ بِهِ وَلا أَظفارا
Your enemy had never experienced in war
a fang you could bite with, or any claws.
فَاِسأَلso ask جَحاجِحَgreat chiefs مِنof قُرَيشٍQuraysh إِنَّهُمindeed they
فَاِسأَل جَحاجِحَ مِن قُرَيشٍ إِنَّهُم
تَلقىyou find لِحُكمِهِمin their judgment هُدىًguidance وَمَناراand a beacon
تَلقى لِحُكمِهِم هُدىً وَمَنارا
So ask the great chiefs of Quraysh; indeed,
you find guidance and a beacon in their judgment.
وَإِذاand when الحَجيجُthe pilgrims إِلىto المَشاعِرِthe sacred sites أَوجَفواthey hurried
وَإِذا الحَجيجُ إِلى المَشاعِرِ أَوجَفوا
فَاِسأَلthen ask كِنانَةَKinana وَاِسأَلِand ask الأَنصاراthe Ansar
فَاِسأَل كِنانَةَ وَاِسأَلِ الأَنصارا
And when the pilgrims hurry to the sacred sites,
then ask Kinana, and ask the Ansar.
وَاِسأَلand ask ذَويthe people of يَمَنٍYemen إِذاwhen لاقَيتَهُمyou meet them
وَاِسأَل ذَوي يَمَنٍ إِذا لاقَيتَهُم
وَاِسأَلand ask قُضاعَةَQuda'a كُلَّهاall of it وَنِزاراand Nizar
وَاِسأَل قُضاعَةَ كُلَّها وَنِزارا
And ask the people of Yemen when you meet them,
and ask all of Quda'a, and Nizar:
مَنwho كانَwas أَثبَتَfirmest بِالثُغورِon the frontiers مَنازِلاًin positions
مَن كانَ أَثبَتَ بِالثُغورِ مَنازِلاً
وَمَنِand who الأَعَزُّthe mightiest إِذاwhen أَجارَhe grants shelter جِواراprotection
وَمَنِ الأَعَزُّ إِذا أَجارَ جِوارا
who held the firmest positions on the frontiers,
and who is mightiest when he grants protection?
نَحنُwe الحُماةُthe defenders غَداةَon the morning جَوفِin the hollow of طُوَيلِعٍTuwayli'
نَحنُ الحُماةُ غَداةَ جَوفِ طُوَيلِعٍ
وَالضارِبونَand those who struck بِطِخفَةَat Tikhfa الجَبّاراthe tyrant
وَالضارِبونَ بِطِخفَةَ الجَبّارا
We are the defenders on the morning in the hollow of Tuwayli',
and those who struck the tyrant at Tikhfa.
هَلdo تَعرِفونَyou recognize عَلىat ثَنِيَّةِthe pass of أَقرُنٍAqrun
هَل تَعرِفونَ عَلى ثَنِيَّةِ أَقرُنٍ
عَبساً'Abs غَداةَon the morning أَضَعتُمُyou left unguarded الأَدباراthe backs
عَبساً غَداةَ أَضَعتُمُ الأَدبارا
Do you recognize, at the pass of Aqrun,
'Abs, on the morning you left your backs unguarded?
وَدَعَتand she called غَمامَةُGhamama بِالوَقيطِat al-Waqit فَنازَعَتthen she contended
وَدَعَت غَمامَةُ بِالوَقيطِ فَنازَعَت
حَبلَthe rope of المَذَلَّةِhumiliation عَثجَلاً'Athjal وَضِراراand Dirar
حَبلَ المَذَلَّةِ عَثجَلاً وَضِرارا
And Ghamama called at al-Waqit, then tugged
the rope of humiliation with 'Athjal and Dirar.
ياO لَيتَif only نِسوَتَكُمyour women دَعَونَthey had called فَوارِسيmy horsemen
يا لَيتَ نِسوَتَكُم دَعَونَ فَوارِسي
وَثُدِيُّهُنَّwhile their breasts تُزاحِمُjostled against الأَكواراthe camel saddles
وَثُدِيُّهُنَّ تُزاحِمُ الأَكوارا
O, would that your women had called upon my horsemen,
while their breasts jostled against the camel saddles!
إِنّيindeed I لَأَفخَرُcertainly boast بِالفَوارِسِof horsemen فَاِفتَخِرso boast
إِنّي لَأَفخَرُ بِالفَوارِسِ فَاِفتَخِر
بِالأَخبَثينَof the foulest شَمائِلاًin character وَنِجاراand stock
بِالأَخبَثينَ شَمائِلاً وَنِجارا
Indeed I boast of horsemen; so boast
of those foulest in character and stock.
وَإِذاand when تُبودِرَتِare competed for المَكارِمُnoble deeds وَالعُلىand lofty honors
وَإِذا تُبودِرَتِ المَكارِمُ وَالعُلى
رَجَعَتreturned أَكُفُّthe hands of مُجاشِعٍMujashi' أَصفاراempty
رَجَعَت أَكُفُّ مُجاشِعٍ أَصفارا
And when noble deeds and lofty honors are competed for,
the hands of Mujashi' return empty.
عَدّواcount خَضافِKhadaf إِذاwhen الفُحولُbreeding males تُنُجِّبَتare selected for fine stock
عَدّوا خَضافِ إِذا الفُحولُ تُنُجِّبَت
وَالجَيثَلوطَand al-Jaythalut وَنَخبَةًand a coward خَوّاراweak-hearted
وَالجَيثَلوطَ وَنَخبَةً خَوّارا
Count Khadaf when the best sires are selected,
and al-Jaythalut, and a weak-hearted coward.
وَإِذاand when فَخَرتَyou boast بِأُمَّهاتِof the mothers of مُجاشِعٍMujashi'
وَإِذا فَخَرتَ بِأُمَّهاتِ مُجاشِعٍ
فَاِفخَرthen boast بِقَبقَبَof Qabqab وَاِذكُرِand mention النِخواراal-Nikhwar
فَاِفخَر بِقَبقَبَ وَاِذكُرِ النِخوارا
And when you boast of the mothers of Mujashi',
then boast of Qabqab, and mention al-Nikhwar.
عيدانُكُمyour sticks عُشَرٌmilkweed وَلَمand not يَكُwas عودُكُمyour wood
عيدانُكُم عُشَرٌ وَلَم يَكُ عودُكُم
نَبعاًnab' wood وَلاnor سَبِطَsmooth الفُروعِthe branches نُضاراnudar wood
نَبعاً وَلا سَبِطَ الفُروعِ نُضارا
Your sticks are milkweed; your wood has never been
nab' wood, nor smooth-branched nudar.
قَدindeed شانَmarred فَخرَthe pride of مُجاشِعٍMujashi' أَنthat لَمnot تَكُنyou were
قَد شانَ فَخرَ مُجاشِعٍ أَن لَم تَكُن
عِندَat الحَقائِقِdecisive trials تُدرِكُattaining الأَوتاراvengeance for wrongs
عِندَ الحَقائِقِ تُدرِكُ الأَوتارا
The pride of Mujashi' has been marred because you did not
attain vengeance when matters came to the test.
وَلَقَدand indeed نَزَلتَyou lodged فَكُنتَand so you were أَخبَثَthe foulest نازِلٍlodger
وَلَقَد نَزَلتَ فَكُنتَ أَخبَثَ نازِلٍ
وَظَعَنتَand you departed لاnot جَذِلاًglad وَلاnor مُختاراchoosing freely
وَظَعَنتَ لا جَذِلاً وَلا مُختارا
And indeed you lodged, and were the foulest lodger,
and departed neither glad nor by your own choice.
إِنَّindeed الفَرَزدَقَal-Farazdaq ياO مُجاشِعُMujashi' لَمnot يَجِدfound
إِنَّ الفَرَزدَقَ يا مُجاشِعُ لَم يَجِد
بِالأَجرَعَينِat al-Ajra'ayn لِمُنكَرٍof wrongdoing إِنكاراcondemnation
بِالأَجرَعَينِ لِمُنكَرٍ إِنكارا
Indeed, al-Farazdaq, O Mujashi', found no
condemnation of wrongdoing at al-Ajra'ayn.
ماذاwhat يَريبُكَtroubles you إِذwhen تَعوذُyou seek refuge بِتَغلِبٍwith Taghlib
ماذا يَريبُكَ إِذ تَعوذُ بِتَغلِبٍ
مِنّيfrom me وَدَمعُكَwhile your tears بادِرٌrushing out إِدراراcopiously
مِنّي وَدَمعُكَ بادِرٌ إِدرارا
What troubles you, as you seek refuge with Taghlib
from me, while your tears rush out in streams?
خِربانَmale bustards صَيفٍof summer نَفَّشَتfluffed up أَعرافَهاtheir crests
خِربانَ صَيفٍ نَفَّشَت أَعرافَها
عايَنَّthey saw أَسفَعَa dark-faced hawk مُلحَماًflesh-fed مِبكاراearly-hunting
عايَنَّ أَسفَعَ مُلحَماً مِبكارا
Summer bustards, their crests fluffed up,
have seen a dark, flesh-fed hawk that hunts early.
تُبقيkeeps المَذَلَّةُhumiliation ياO فَرَزدَقُFarazdaq وَالقَذىand grit
تُبقي المَذَلَّةُ يا فَرَزدَقُ وَالقَذى
وَالمُخزِياتُand shameful deeds بِعَينِكَin your eye العُوّاراthe blemish
وَالمُخزِياتُ بِعَينِكَ العُوّارا
Humiliation keeps, O Farazdaq, along with grit
and shameful deeds, the blemish in your eye.
فَجَعَbereaved الأَجارِبُthe Ajarib (mangy ones) بِالزُبَيرِof al-Zubayr وَمِنقَرٌand Minqar
فَجَعَ الأَجارِبُ بِالزُبَيرِ وَمِنقَرٌ
لَمdid not يَختِلوكَambush you وَجاهَروكَand challenged you جِهاراopenly
لَم يَختِلوكَ وَجاهَروكَ جِهارا
The Ajarib and Minqar bereaved you of al-Zubayr;
they did not ambush you; they challenged you openly.
وَعَرَفتَand you learned مَنزِلَةَthe station of الذَليلِthe abased فَلَمand so did not تَجِدfind
وَعَرَفتَ مَنزِلَةَ الذَليلِ فَلَم تَجِد
إِلّاexcept التَلَهُّفَanguished regret ثُمَّتِthen الإِقراراacknowledgment
إِلّا التَلَهُّفَ ثُمَّتِ الإِقرارا
And you learned the station of the abased, finding nothing
but anguished regret, followed by acknowledgment.
قَدalready عَجَّلواthey hastened لَكَfor you ياO فَرَزدَقُFarazdaq خَزيَةًdisgrace
قَد عَجَّلوا لَكَ يا فَرَزدَقُ خَزيَةً
فَطَلَبتَso you sought لَيلَةَon the night بَيَّتوكَthey raided you by night ضِماراthe unattainable
فَطَلَبتَ لَيلَةَ بَيَّتوكَ ضِمارا
They have dealt you swift disgrace, O Farazdaq,
so, the night they raided you, you sought the unattainable.
وَتَقولُand she says جِعثِنُJi'thin لِلفَرَزدَقِto al-Farazdaq لاnot أَرىI see
وَتَقولُ جِعثِنُ لِلفَرَزدَقِ لا أَرى
داراًa house كَدارِكُمُlike your house الخَبيثَةِthe foul داراa house
داراً كَدارِكُمُ الخَبيثَةِ دارا
And Ji'thin says to al-Farazdaq, 'I see no
house—any house—like your foul house.'
وَتَقولُand she says طَيبَةُTayba إِذwhen رَأَتكَshe saw you مُقَنَّعاًwith your head covered
وَتَقولُ طَيبَةُ إِذ رَأَتكَ مُقَنَّعاً
أَنتَyou الخَبيثُthe foul one عِمامَةًin turban وَإِزاراand in waistcloth
أَنتَ الخَبيثُ عِمامَةً وَإِزارا
And Tayba says on seeing you with your head covered:
'You are foul in turban and waistcloth.'
لَوif only كانَhad أَهلُكَyour kin قَبلَbefore ذاكَthat تَبَيَّنواthey understood
لَو كانَ أَهلُكَ قَبلَ ذاكَ تَبَيَّنوا
وَسَأَلتِand you had asked عَنabout جَهلِthe folly of الخَبيثِthe foul man نُواراNuwar
وَسَأَلتِ عَن جَهلِ الخَبيثِ نُوارا
If only your kin had understood before that,
and you had asked Nuwar about the foul man's folly!
حَوضُthe trough of الحِمارِthe donkey أَبوthe father of الفَرَزدَقِal-Farazdaq فَاِعرِفواso recognize
حَوضُ الحِمارِ أَبو الفَرَزدَقِ فَاِعرِفوا
مِنهُin him قَفاًa nape وَمُقَلَّداًand a neck وَعِذاراand a cheek
مِنهُ قَفاً وَمُقَلَّداً وَعِذارا
'The Donkey's Trough' is al-Farazdaq's father; so recognize
in him a nape, a neck, and a cheek.
لَمnot يُلقَhas been found أَخبَثُanyone fouler ياO فَرَزدَقُFarazdaq مِنكُمُthan you all
لَم يُلقَ أَخبَثُ يا فَرَزدَقُ مِنكُمُ
لَيلاًby night وَأَخبَثُnor anyone fouler بِالنَهارِin daylight نَهاراby day
لَيلاً وَأَخبَثُ بِالنَهارِ نَهارا
No one fouler than you folk has been found, O Farazdaq,
by night, nor fouler in daylight, by day.
قَصُرَتfell short يَداكَyour two hands عَنِof السَماءِthe sky وَلَمand did not تَجِدfind
قَصُرَت يَداكَ عَنِ السَماءِ وَلَم تَجِد
كَفّاكَyour two palms لِلشَجَرِon the tree الخَبيثِfoul قَراراa firm hold
كَفّاكَ لِلشَجَرِ الخَبيثِ قَرارا
Your hands fell short of the sky, and failed to find
any firm hold for your palms on the foul tree.
كَيفَhow الفَخارُboasting وَماand not وَفَيتَyou honored بِذِمَّةٍa covenant
كَيفَ الفَخارُ وَما وَفَيتَ بِذِمَّةٍ
يَومَon the day of الزُبَيرِal-Zubayr وَلاnor حَمَيتَyou defended ذِماراwhat must be protected
يَومَ الزُبَيرِ وَلا حَمَيتَ ذِمارا
How can you boast, when you honored no covenant
on al-Zubayr's day, nor defended what you must protect?
أَنَسيتَhave you forgotten وَيلَthe woe of أَبيكَyour father أَيّامَin the days of الصَفاal-Safa
أَنَسيتَ وَيلَ أَبيكَ أَيّامَ الصَفا
قَتلىthe slain أُصيبَhe was afflicted بِقَتلِهِمby their killing وَأُسارىand captives
قَتلى أُصيبَ بِقَتلِهِم وَأُسارى
Have you forgotten your father's woe in the days of al-Safa—
the slain, whose killing afflicted him, and the captives?
وَالخَيلَand the horses إِذwhen حَمَلَتcharged عَلَيكُمagainst you جَعفَرٌJa'far
وَالخَيلَ إِذ حَمَلَت عَلَيكُم جَعفَرٌ
كُنتُمyou were لَهُنَّfor them بِرَحرَحانَat Rahrahan دُواراDuwar (an idol circled)
كُنتُم لَهُنَّ بِرَحرَحانَ دُوارا
And the horses, when Ja'far charged against you—
you were their Duwar, an idol to circle, at Rahrahan.
قُلتُمyou said بِبُرقَةِat Burqat رَحرَحانَRahrahan لِمَعبَدٍto Ma'bad
قُلتُم بِبُرقَةِ رَحرَحانَ لِمَعبَدٍ
لاdo not تَدعُناcall on us وَتَرَبَّصِand await المِقداراthe decree of fate
لا تَدعُنا وَتَرَبَّصِ المِقدارا
At Burqat Rahrahan you said to Ma'bad,
'Do not call on us; await the decree of fate.'
تَرَكَit left الكُبولَthe fetters جَوالِياًhanging loose فيon مَعبَدٍMa'bad
تَرَكَ الكُبولَ جَوالِياً في مَعبَدٍ
وَالمُخَّand the marrow فيin قَصَبِthe hollow bones of القَوائِمِthe legs راراwatery
وَالمُخَّ في قَصَبِ القَوائِمِ رارا
It left the fetters hanging loose upon Ma'bad,
and the marrow watery in the shafts of his leg bones.
وَالناسُand people قَدalready عَلِمواhave learned مَواطِنَepisodes مِنكُمُof yours
وَالناسُ قَد عَلِموا مَواطِنَ مِنكُمُ
تُخزيshame الوُجوهَthe faces وَتَمنَعُand prevent الإِسفاراunveiling
تُخزي الوُجوهَ وَتَمنَعُ الإِسفارا
And people have learned of episodes of yours
that shame faces and keep them from being bared.
وَفَدَwent as envoys الوُفودُthe delegations إِلىto المُلوكِthe kings فَأَنجَحواand so they succeeded
وَفَدَ الوُفودُ إِلى المُلوكِ فَأَنجَحوا
فَذَرواso abandon الوِفادَةَgoing as envoys وَاِنفُخواand blow الأَكياراthe bellows
فَذَروا الوِفادَةَ وَاِنفُخوا الأَكيارا
Delegations went to the kings and met with success;
so give up going as envoys, and blow the bellows.
Sol 6.1