أللبدرdoes the full moon have جعدcurls أمor علىupon البدرthe full moon مطرفa bordered mantle
أللبدر جعد أم على البدر مطرف
أمor الكواكبthe stars الدريpearl-bright خالa beauty mark مقرطفvelvet-clad
أم الكواكب الدري خال مقرطف
Does the full moon have curls, or is a bordered mantle upon it?
Is the full moon curling its forelock, or does it dawn above the full moon?
Or are the pearl-bright stars a velvet-clad beauty mark?
Or are the shining stars sparse pearls gathered around it?
أأمor is it بدرthe full moon سلمىSalma لاحappeared منfrom نحوthe direction of قصرهاher palace
أأم بدر سلمى لاح من نحو قصرها
فهاand behold هوit ذاthis البينseparation المصارعthe grappler مشرفlooming
فها هو ذا البين المصارع مشرف
Or has Salma's full moon appeared from the direction of her palace?
Or is it the moon of Salma shining from near her palace,
And here is separation, the grappler, looming.
There it is rising between us, overlooking the wrestling grounds.
تساقطfell away عنهاfrom her فاستنارso shone جبينهاher brow
تساقط عنها فاستنار جبينها
خمارa veil علىover المتنينboth sides of the back منهاof her ومطرفand a bordered mantle
خمار على المتنين منها ومطرف
From her fell, making her brow shine,
Her veil slipped off, illuminating her forehead,
A veil across her back, and a bordered mantle.
A veil on the howdah slipping from it.
فماand not أنan emphatic particle تلألأglittered خدthe cheek of سلمىSalma وجيدهاand her neck
فما أن تلألأ خد سلمى وجيدها
ولباتهاand her breast hollows إلاnothing but بروقlightning flashes تخطفdazzle
ولباتها إلا بروق تخطف
The glitter of Salma's cheek and neck,
When the cheek of Salma and her forehead shone
And her breast hollows, was nothing but dazzling lightning.
And her front teeth glistened, it was like flashes snatching away vision.
كأنas though التهابthe burning of الجمرembers ابراقthe flashing of حليهاher jewelry
كأن التهاب الجمر ابراق حليها
إذاwhen جعدهاher curls عنaway from حليهاher jewelry يتكشفpart
إذا جعدها عن حليها يتكشف
The flashing of her jewelry is like burning embers,
As if the glowing embers were the sparkling of her jewelry
When her curls part away from her ornaments.
When she uncovers her jewelry from her curling tresses.
كأنas though ثناياهاher front teeth إذاwhen ماan emphatic particle لثامهاher face veil
كأن ثناياها إذا ما لثامها
تزايلfalls away ياقوتrubies نقيpure مصففneatly arrayed
تزايل ياقوت نقي مصفف
Her front teeth, when her face veil
As if her braids, when she lets down her veil,
Falls away, are like pure rubies, neatly arrayed.
Were pure rubies set in order.
كأنas though التفاتthe turning of الظبيthe gazelle يحكيimitates التفاتهاher turning
كأن التفات الظبي يحكي التفاتها
إذاwhen التفتتshe turns والجعدand the curls منهاof hers مغلفcovered
إذا التفتت والجعد منها مغلف
A gazelle's turning seems to imitate hers,
As if the fawn's glancing back depicts her glancing back
When she turns, her curls still veiled.
When she turns, her curls entwined around her.
ولكنهاbut she أحيانat times تنشرspreads فرعهاher hair
ولكنها أحيان تنشر فرعها
علىover درعهاher gown تسبيtakes captive العقولthe minds وتشغفand inspires passion
على درعها تسبي العقول وتشغف
Yet at times she spreads her hair
But she sometimes lets down her hair like a branch
Over her gown, taking minds captive and kindling passion.
Upon her breastplate, captivating minds and kindling passion.
هيshe الطفلةthe tender maiden العذرthe virgin التيwho حينwhen أعرضتturned away
هي الطفلة العذر التي حين أعرضت
وأشرقand gleamed كعباهاher two ankles الغزالthe gazelle المهفهفthe slender one
وأشرق كعباها الغزال المهفهف
She is the tender virgin who, when she turned aside,
She is the virginal beauty who, when she turns her back,
Her two ankles gleaming, was a slender gazelle.
Her gazelle buttocks shine like the fluttering wings of a dove.
هيshe الريمةthe white gazelle الوحشيةthe wild one العبهرthe full-formed beauty التيwhom
هي الريمة الوحشية العبهر التي
تكنفهاenclosed her القصرthe palace المنيفthe lofty one المزخرفthe ornamented one
تكنفها القصر المنيف المزخرف
She is the wild white gazelle, the full-formed beauty whom
She is the wild gazelle, the blossoming adolescent
The lofty, ornamented palace encloses.
Enveloped in her graceful, embroidered palace.
زبيبةa raisin قصرof a palace لمdid not تنلهاreach her أعاصرwhirlwinds
زبيبة قصر لم تنلها أعاصر
ولاnor الشمسthe sun إنfor الشمسthe sun بالوهجwith its blaze تكسفdiscolors
ولا الشمس إن الشمس بالوهج تكسف
A palace raisin, untouched by whirlwinds,
Zubaida, a palace no storms have reached,
Nor by the sun, for the sun discolors with its blaze.
Nor has the sun - for the sun is eclipsed by her brilliance -
ولاnor سرحتdid she roam سرحthe roaming الرعاءof the shepherds فأرعدتso made tremble
ولا سرحت سرح الرعاء فأرعدت
فرائصهاher flanks الأمطارthe rains والرعدand the thunder يقصفcrashes
فرائصها الأمطار والرعد يقصف
Nor has she roamed as shepherds' herds roam, so that
Nor has she wandered freely grazing, then startled
Rains might make her flanks tremble while thunder crashes.
The hunted, while thunder and rain pelt down,
ولاnor زعزعتهاjolted her العيسthe pale camels حلاat a halt ورحلةand on a journey
ولا زعزعتها العيس حلا ورحلة
ولاnor أرقتlay she sleepless خوفاًin fear للهفانto a distressed man تهتفcrying out
ولا أرقت خوفاً للهفان تهتف
Nor have pale riding camels jolted her, at halts or on journeys,
Nor have the spinning winds shaken her tent ropes,
Nor has she lain wakeful in fear, crying to one in distress.
Nor has she tossed sleeplessly fearing the wails of mourners,
مكننةkept hidden عنfrom أنbeing ترseen (truncated form) غيرexcept أنهاthat she
مكننة عن أن تر غير أنها
بحسنby the beauty of الحياmodesty والدلand coy charm والدينand piety توصفshe is described
بحسن الحيا والدل والدين توصف
Concealed from sight, except that she
Secluded from seeing anything but her own beauty,
Is known for lovely modesty, charm, and piety.
Reputation, allure and religion by which she is described.
قصورrestrained بطرفيbefore my gaze طرفهاher gaze غيرnot مقصرfalling short
قصور بطرفي طرفها غير مقصر
لهاfor her وهيwhile she منfrom محرابهاher chamber تتشرفpeers out
لها وهي من محرابها تتشرف
Her gaze is restrained before mine, yet does not fail
A palace whose wings are perfect, while she overlooks
Her, as she peers out from her chamber.
Her prayer niche, so she bowed in modesty and her anklets
فصدتso she turned away حياءin modesty ثمthen خرتsank down وحليهاand her jewelry
فصدت حياء ثم خرت وحليها
يرنrings رنيناًa ringing والملاand the wraps يترفرفflutter
يرن رنيناً والملا يترفرف
She turned away in modesty, then sank down, her jewelry
Rang with tinkling bells while the Mullah prayed.
Ringing out, while her wraps fluttered.
I was struck by her modesty and her breastplate,
فأعجبنيso pleased me منهاin her الحياءthe modesty ودرعهاand her gown
فأعجبني منها الحياء ودرعها
ولكنbut كذاكin that way الكاعبthe full-breasted maiden الخودthe tender beauty تشغفinspires passion
ولكن كذاك الكاعب الخود تشغف
I admired her modesty and her gown,
But also by her seducing, rosy cheek that kindles passion.
But thus does the tender, full-breasted maiden kindle passion.
She whose beauty surpasses the fine perfection
فتلكand that is she التيwho منwhoever قاسcompared فيin الحسنbeauty حسنهاher beauty
فتلك التي من قاس في الحسن حسنها
إلىwith البدرthe full moon أوor شمسthe sun الضحىof morning تتنصفis halved
إلى البدر أو شمس الضحى تتنصف
She is the one whose beauty, if anyone compares it
Of the full moon or the rising sun at dawn,
With the full moon or the morning sun, is halved.
How not, when she possesses two lofty brows
فكيفso how ولاand no أنفnose لهاfor her ذينthose two شامخlofty
فكيف ولا أنف لها ذين شامخ
وأنفand the nose of سليمىSulayma شامخlofty الخدthe cheek دلفsloping
وأنف سليمى شامخ الخد دلف
How could it be otherwise? Those two have no lofty nose,
While Salma's brow loftily curves,
While Sulayma's nose is lofty, her cheek sloping.
Nor do both own gazelle eyes lined with kohl
ولاnor لهماfor both of them كالريمlike a gazelle's طرفa gaze مكحلkohl-darkened
ولا لهما كالريم طرف مكحل
وسلمىand Salma بعينيwith the two eyes of ريمةa white gazelle البرof the wilderness تطرفgazes
وسلمى بعيني ريمة البر تطرف
Nor have those two a kohl-dark gaze like a gazelle's,
While Salma blinks with the eyes of a gazelle of the open country.
While Salma gazes with the eyes of a wilderness gazelle.
I swear by the two moons, night and day,
فأقسمتso I swore بالبدرينby the two full moons ليلاًat night ومظهراًand at noon
فأقسمت بالبدرين ليلاً ومظهراً
بأحسنby one fairer منthan سلمىSalma يميناًan oath وأحلفand I swear
بأحسن من سلمى يميناً وأحلف
So I swore by the two full moons, at night and at noon,
By one more beautiful than Salma, I swear sincerely,
By one fairer than Salma—an oath—and I swear
By the fact that the people of this world are witnesses that
بأنthat بنيthe children of الدنياthe world شهودare witnesses بأننيthat I
بأن بني الدنيا شهود بأنني
لاصلاحكمfor your reform لاnot للفسادfor corruption أطوفI go about
لاصلاحكم لا للفساد أطوف
That the children of this world bear witness that I
I move about to reform you, not to spread corruption,
Go about for your reform, not for corruption.
And that I belong to the people whose clothing
وإنيand I منam of القومthe people الذينwho لباسهمtheir garment
وإني من القوم الذين لباسهم
إلىuntil اليومtoday مذsince عهدthe time of النبيءthe Prophet التعففself-restraint
إلى اليوم مذ عهد النبيء التعفف
And I belong to the people whose garment,
Has been modesty itself since the Prophet's covenant.
From the Prophet's time until today, has been self-restraint.
But people incline toward the world's tendencies
ولكنbut بنىthe children of الدنياthe world يميلونincline ميلهاas it inclines
ولكن بنى الدنيا يميلون ميلها
وحيثand wherever تولتit turned بالصروفwith fortune's changes تصرفواthey turned
وحيث تولت بالصروف تصرفوا
Yet the children of this world incline as it inclines,
And follow its changes through its twists and turns.
And wherever it turns with fortune's changes, they turn.
If I filled the two worlds to overflowing and my command prevailed,
ولوeven if ملأhe filled الأرضينthe earths والأمرand the circumstances مسعدfavorable
ولو ملأ الأرضين والأمر مسعد
جماجمskulls قالواthey said ذاthis one هوhe is المتلطفthe gentle one
جماجم قالوا ذا هو المتلطف
Even if he filled the earths, with circumstances favoring him,
They would say "This man pretends to be gentle."
With skulls, they would say, 'This is the gentle one.'
When the holy warrior kills champions
إذاif قتلkills المرؤthe man المجاهدthe fighter for the faith أكلباdogs
إذا قتل المرؤ المجاهد أكلبا
ونالand gains شعوباًpeoples قيلit is said ذاthis one يتعسفacts oppressively
ونال شعوباً قيل ذا يتعسف
If a man fighting for the faith kills dogs,
And conquers nations, they say "He is oppressive."
And wins over peoples, they say, 'He acts oppressively.'
Likewise before the victory the Prophet
كذلكlikewise قبلbefore الفتحthe conquest كانwas محمدMuhammad
كذلك قبل الفتح كان محمد
إلىtoward الناسthe people فيin ألفاظهhis words يتلطفwas gentle
إلى الناس في ألفاظه يتلطف
Likewise, before the conquest, Muhammad
Spoke gently to the people in his words,
Was gentle toward the people in his words.
But they did not testify that their God was their God
فماyet not شهدواdid they testify أنthat الالهGod الههمwas their God
فما شهدوا أن الاله الههم
ولاnor سجدواdid they prostrate حتىuntil استبيحواthey were overrun وسيفواand put to the sword
ولا سجدوا حتى استبيحوا وسيفوا
They did not testify that God was their God,
Nor bow down until they were permitted violence and unsheathed their swords.
Nor did they prostrate until they were overrun and put to the sword.
Oh, why do these people dislike their own situation
ألاah مالwhat ails هذاthese الخلقpeople يكرهhates أمرهمtheir conduct
ألا مال هذا الخلق يكره أمرهم
فجورa profligate ويهواand loves الرضىthe upright man المتعففthe self-restrained one
فجور ويهوا الرضى المتعفف
Ah, what ails these people, whose conduct is hated
And prefer to be content with modesty and justice?
By a profligate, yet loved by the upright, self-restrained man?
The Merciful spoke truly when He said:
لقدindeed صدقspoke truth الرحمنthe Merciful فيin قولهHis saying إذاwhen
لقد صدق الرحمن في قوله إذا
بعثناWe sent نذيراًa warner صدturned away عنهfrom him المترَّفthe pampered man
بعثنا نذيراً صد عنه المترَّف
The Merciful spoke truly in His saying: 'When
When We send a warner, the affluent turn away.
We send a warner, the pampered man turns away from him.'
My friend, why do the disobedient don armor
خايليmy friends (reading uncertain) ماwhat بالis the matter with العصاةthe rebels تسربلواhave clothed themselves
خايلي ما بال العصاة تسربلوا
بأمنin safety وذاقواand tasted الأمنsecurity وهوthough it is مخوفfearful
بأمن وذاقوا الأمن وهو مخوف
My friends, why have the rebels clothed themselves
And taste safety while it is feared?
In safety and tasted security, though it is perilous?
He who strove to lift up their hands -
أماتhas died? الذيthe one who يسعىstrives لرفعto raise أكفهمtheir palms
أمات الذي يسعى لرفع أكفهم
أخايلهمtheir omens بالخلفby broken promises والكذبand lies توصفare described
أخايلهم بالخلف والكذب توصف
Has the one who strives to raise their hands died?
Their protectors are stained by betrayal and lies.
Their omens are marked by broken promises and lies.
The waves of its flood will overwhelm them soon
ستغرقهمwill drown them عماin قليلa short while بقطبهاat their vortex
ستغرقهم عما قليل بقطبها
سيولfloods تواليهاfollow them سيولfloods وتذرفand pour down
سيول تواليها سيول وتذرف
Soon they will drown them in their vortex—
With succeeding waves pouring down destructively.
Floods followed by floods, pouring down.
Help comes from the flags of the right, its lightning flashing,
أغيثwas succored جناباa realm لحقof truth (split spelling) لاحتappeared بروقهits lightning flashes
أغيث جنابا لحق لاحت بروقه
بنجمby a star غزيرbounteous برقهits lightning ليسdoes not يخلفfail its promise
بنجم غزير برقه ليس يخلف
The realm of truth was succored; its lightning appeared,
With abundant, pouring rain, no promise unfulfilled.
By a bounteous star whose lightning does not fail.
Clouds of war wherein tongues shout amidst roaring stallions
سحائبclouds حربof war منof أسودlions تهللتshone forth
سحائب حرب من أسود تهللت
بخيلwith cavalry ورجلand infantry فيin الميادينthe fields تزحفadvance
بخيل ورجل في الميادين تزحف
War clouds of lions shone forth,
Trampling the earth, which almost sinks beneath the warriors.
With cavalry and infantry advancing across the fields.
It is death, nothing but life, yet by it the living are clothed
فياso O منyou who علىon ظهرthe surface of الطريقthe road مقابلاًfacing opposite
فيا من على ظهر الطريق مقابلاً
دعاprayed لسقيfor watering أوor يصفواmay become clear لكfor you الماthe water ويلطفand grow mild
دعا لسقي أو يصفوا لك الما ويلطف
O you who, standing opposite on the open road,
And the slain finds rest.
Prayed for watering, or for water to become clear and mild for you:
With it Islam relieved the vehement, mighty grief
وياand O رئحاtraveler (reading uncertain) اصلحmend مساقيكyour watercourses أقبلتhave approached
ويا رئحا اصلح مساقيك أقبلت
إليكtoward you سيولfloods بالعناجيجwith swift steeds تقذفhurl forth
إليك سيول بالعناجيج تقذف
And, O traveler, mend your watercourses: there have come
Of the oppressed, hard to bear though long-suffering.
Toward you floods hurling swift steeds.
Saeed, you have lifted high the glory of success and ascended the heights of might,
وياand O خائفاًfearful one ماso long as اعتصمتyou seek refuge بتوبةin repentance
ويا خائفاً ما اعتصمت بتوبة
وإلاotherwise لكfor you الويلاتwoes أنكindeed you تتلفwill perish
وإلا لك الويلات أنك تتلف
O fearful one, you are safe so long as you seek refuge in repentance;
Your affairs prosper whenever you uncover oppression.
Otherwise, woes await you: you will perish.
With your resolve you dispelled the sorrows of the hopeful,
أتتكhave come to you كأمواجlike the waves of البحارthe seas عساكرarmies
أتتك كأمواج البحار عساكر
عجاجتهاtheir dust-cloud فيهاwithin it الأسنةthe spearheads ترعفdrip blood
عجاجتها فيها الأسنة ترعف
Armies have come to you like the waves of the seas;
And so sorrows clear away for one rightly guided.
In their dust-cloud the spearheads drip blood.
Saeed, the dust of a day in holy war, when armor is donned,
إذاwhen هللتthey proclaim God's oneness والخيلand the horses تضبحpant ضبحهاtheir panting
إذا هللت والخيل تضبح ضبحها
وتمزعand rush forward قلتyou would say الأرضthe earth بالناسwith the people تخسفgives way
وتمزع قلت الأرض بالناس تخسف
When they proclaim God's oneness, and the horses pant and pant,
Is honor upon the face of one wearing a breastplate.
And rush forward, you would say the earth was caving in beneath the people.
Saeed, one must inevitably taste death,
هيthey are الموتdeath لاno إلاnothing but الحياةlife وإنماand only
هي الموت لا إلا الحياة وإنما
بهاthrough them يرتديis clothed حيa living man ويرتاحand finds relief مدنفan ailing man
بها يرتدي حي ويرتاح مدنف
They are death—no, nothing but life; for only
So savor it, while the horses neigh battle cries.
Through them a living man is clothed, and an ailing man finds relief.
Saeed, the man who rests for a spell with martyrs
أغاثsuccored بهاwith them الاسلامIslam شهمa valiant man عشمشمdauntless
أغاث بها الاسلام شهم عشمشم
منamong الحمساthe fierce warriors صعبhard الشكيمةthe bridle-bit أعجفlean
من الحمسا صعب الشكيمة أعجف
A valiant, dauntless man succored Islam with them,
Has succeeded, not lingering aimlessly on a couch.
One of the fierce, hard to bridle and lean.
Saeed, just as there is no pride but in piety,
سويدSuwayd علوتyou rose to المجدglory نلتyou attained العلاthe heights علتrose high
سويد علوت المجد نلت العلا علت
أموركyour affairs حزتyou won الفخرhonor إذwhen قمتyou rose تكشفto dispel
أمورك حزت الفخر إذ قمت تكشف
Suwayd, you have risen to glory and attained the heights; exalted are
The crown of piety is courage and the sword's slashing.
Your affairs. You won honor when you rose to dispel
Saeed, Saeed, may the sword deprive him of sleep,
بعزمكby your resolve كربthe distress of المرملينthe destitute وهكذاand thus
بعزمك كرب المرملين وهكذا
يجليdispels الهمومsorrows الأروعthe splendid man المتهفهفthe slender one
يجلي الهموم الأروع المتهفهف
By your resolve the distress of the destitute; and thus
For nothing accompanies sleep but the broadsword.
The splendid, slender hero dispels sorrows.
Saeed, if you do not unsheathe the sword, it will never stop
سويدSuwayd ليومsurely a day فيin الجهادjihad غبارهits dust
سويد ليوم في الجهاد غباره
علىupon الوجهthe face منamong لبسthe garb of الثناpraise حينwhen يشرفit rises
على الوجه من لبس الثنا حين يشرف
Suwayd, surely a day in jihad—its dust
Attempting excess and oppressive wrongdoing.
Upon the face is a garment of praise when it rises.
Saeed, we found the warning of our Lord's signs –
سويدSuwayd ألاsurely لاno بدescape منfrom جرعةa draught of الفناdeath
سويد ألا لا بد من جرعة الفنا
فأشرفهاso its noblest والخليلwhile the companion للخيلfor the horses تعزفmakes music
فأشرفها والخليل للخيل تعزف
Suwayd, surely there is no escaping a draught of death,
It repels when spear and blade do not clash.
So its noblest is while the companion makes music for the horses.
Saeed, did you not hear that Muhammad
سويدSuwayd لقدindeed فازtriumphed امرؤa man راحwent برهةfor a while
سويد لقد فاز امرؤ راح برهة
معwith الشهدthe martyrs (truncated form) إذfor لاnot علىupon الفرشthe beds يحرفis turned about
مع الشهد إذ لا على الفرش يحرف
Suwayd, a man has indeed triumphed who goes awhile
Was reviled with insults before the sword was unsheathed?
With the martyrs, for he is not turned about upon beds.
Then when he unsheathed it, they said "You are our prophet,
سويدSuwayd كماlikewise إذsince ليسthere is no فخرglory سوىexcept التقىpiety
سويد كما إذ ليس فخر سوى التقى
فتاجso the crown of التقىpiety الاقدامbold advance والسيفand the sword يرعفdrips blood
فتاج التقى الاقدام والسيف يرعف
Suwayd, likewise, since there is no glory save piety,
And most tender and gentle toward us."
Piety's crown is bold advance, with the sword dripping blood.
So may God bless him as long as breath rattles
سويدSuwayd سويدSuwayd أفقدdeprive السيفthe sword جفنهof its sheath
سويد سويد أفقد السيف جفنه
فلاfor none يصحبkeeps company with الأجفانthe sheaths إلاexcept المسوفthe procrastinator
فلا يصحب الأجفان إلا المسوف
Suwayd, Suwayd, deprive the sword of its sheath;
And column arrays with column again and again!
Only the procrastinator keeps company with sheaths.
سويدSuwayd إِذاif لمdo not تفللnotch السيفthe sword لمwill not يدعabandon
سويد إِذا لم تفلل السيف لم يدع
محاولةthe pursuit of الاسرافexcess والظلمand injustice مسرفa transgressor
محاولة الاسراف والظلم مسرف
Suwayd, unless you notch the sword, he will not abandon
The pursuit of excess and injustice—the transgressor.
سويدSuwayd وجدناwe found وعظthe admonition of آياتthe verses of ربناour Lord
سويد وجدنا وعظ آيات ربنا
يردis rejected إذاwhen لمhas not يروdrunk its fill رمحa spear ومرهفand a keen blade
يرد إذا لم يرو رمح ومرهف
Suwayd, we have found the admonition of our Lord's verses
Rejected unless a spear and a keen blade have drunk their fill.
سويدSuwayd ألمhave you not تسمعheard بأنthat محمداًMuhammad
سويد ألم تسمع بأن محمداً
قبيلshortly before انتضاءdrawing السيفthe sword بالشتمwith insults يقذفwas pelted
قبيل انتضاء السيف بالشتم يقذف
Suwayd, have you not heard that Muhammad,
Just before drawing the sword, was pelted with insults?
فلماbut when انتضاهhe drew it قيلit was said أنتyou نبيناare our Prophet
فلما انتضاه قيل أنت نبينا
وأنتand you بناtoward us مناthan we are أرقmore tender وألطفand kinder
وأنت بنا منا أرق وألطف
But when he drew it, they said, 'You are our Prophet,
And you are gentler and kinder to us than we are.'
فصلىso may bless عليهhim اللّهGod ماas long as نفrises نفنفan upland
فصلى عليه اللّه ما نف نفنف
وماand as long as صفstands aligned صفa rank أوor تصفصفspreads level صفصفa level plain
وما صف صف أو تصفصف صفصف
May God bless him as long as an upland rises,
And a rank stands aligned, or a level plain spreads flat.
Partial English translation: 97 of 108 Arabic lines translated.
Sol 6.1