شَيخانِtwo elders قَدalready خَبَراhave experienced الوُجودَexistence وَأَدرَكاand understood
شَيخانِ قَد خَبَرا الوُجودَ وَأَدرَكا
ماwhat فيهِwithin it مِنof عِلَلٍunderlying reasons وَمِنand of أَسبابِcauses
ما فيهِ مِن عِلَلٍ وَمِن أَسبابِ
Two elders have experienced existence and understood
the reasons and causes within it.
وَاِستَبطَناand probed within الأَشياءَthings حَتّىuntil طالَعاthey beheld
وَاِستَبطَنا الأَشياءَ حَتّى طالَعا
وَجهَthe face of الحَقيقَةِtruth مِنfrom وَراءِbehind حِجابِa veil
وَجهَ الحَقيقَةِ مِن وَراءِ حِجابِ
And they fathomed things until they beheld
the face of truth from behind a veil.
خَمسونَfifty عاماًyears فيin الجِهادِthe struggle كِلاهُماeach of them
خَمسونَ عاماً في الجِهادِ كِلاهُما
شاكيarmed with اليَراعَةِthe reed pen طاهِرُspotless in الجِلبابِrobe
شاكي اليَراعَةِ طاهِرُ الجِلبابِ
Fifty years in the struggle, each of them
armed with the reed pen, spotless of robe.
لاdo not تَعجَبواmarvel اِنif خَضَّباthey both dyed قَلَمَيهِماtheir two pens
لا تَعجَبوا اِن خَضَّبا قَلَمَيهِما
وَبَياضُwhile the whiteness شَيبِهِماof their gray hair بِغَيرِwithout خِضابِdye
وَبَياضُ شَيبِهِما بِغَيرِ خِضابِ
Do not marvel if they have dyed their pens
while the white of their hair remains undyed.
فَلِكُلِّso for every حُسنٍbeauty حِليَةٌan ornament يُزهىtakes pride بِهاin it
فَلِكُلِّ حُسنٍ حِليَةٌ يُزهى بِها
وَأَرىand I see اليَراعَةَthe reed pen حِليَةَthe ornament of الكُتّابِwriters
وَأَرى اليَراعَةَ حِليَةَ الكُتّابِ
For every beauty has an ornament in which it takes pride,
and I see the reed pen as the writers' ornament.
إِنّيindeed I نَظَرتُlooked إِلىat اليَراعَةِthe reed pen فيin يَديmy hand
إِنّي نَظَرتُ إِلى اليَراعَةِ في يَدي
فَحَسِبتُهاso I thought it فيin القَدرِworth عودَa stick of ثِقابِkindling
فَحَسِبتُها في القَدرِ عودَ ثِقابِ
I looked at the reed pen in my hand
and thought it, in worth, a mere matchstick.
وَنَظَرتُهاand I watched it تَنقَضُّswoop مِنfrom كَفَّيهِماtheir two palms
وَنَظَرتُها تَنقَضُّ مِن كَفَّيهِما
فَوقَover الطُروسِthe pages فَخِلتُهاso I imagined it كَشِهابِlike a meteor
فَوقَ الطُروسِ فَخِلتُها كَشِهابِ
Then I watched it swoop from their palms
over the pages, and thought it a meteor.
يُزهىtakes pride مُدَجَّجُناour armored warrior بِرُمحٍin a spear واحِدٍone
يُزهى مُدَجَّجُنا بِرُمحٍ واحِدٍ
وَأَراهُماand I see them both لاnot يُزهَيانِtaking pride بِغابِin a spear-thicket
وَأَراهُما لا يُزهَيانِ بِغابِ
Our armored warrior prides himself on a single spear,
yet I see them take no pride in a forest of spears.
مُتَواضِعانِboth humble وَلاand not أَرىI see مُتَكَبِّراًan arrogant man
مُتَواضِعانِ وَلا أَرى مُتَكَبِّراً
غَيرَexcept الجَهولِthe ignorant مُدَنَّساًstained بِالعابِwith disgrace
غَيرَ الجَهولِ مُدَنَّساً بِالعابِ
Both humble; I see no arrogant man
but the ignorant, stained with disgrace.
يَتَجاذَبُvie for القُطرانِthe two lands مِنthrough فَضلَيهِماtheir respective merits
يَتَجاذَبُ القُطرانِ مِن فَضلَيهِما
ذَيلَthe hem of الفَخارِglory وَلَيسَand is not ذاthis بِعُجابِat all astonishing
ذَيلَ الفَخارِ وَلَيسَ ذا بِعُجابِ
The two lands vie, through their excellence,
for glory's hem; and this is no marvel.
فَهُماfor they both هُناhere عَلَمانِtwo luminaries مِنamong أَعلامِناour luminaries
فَهُما هُنا عَلَمانِ مِن أَعلامِنا
وَهُماand they both هُنالِكَthere نُخبَةُthe choicest of الأَنجابِthe distinguished
وَهُما هُنالِكَ نُخبَةُ الأَنجابِ
For here they are two of our luminaries,
and there, the choicest of the distinguished.
جازاthey both passed مَدىthe span of السَبعينَseventy لَمnot يَتَوانَياslacken
جازا مَدى السَبعينَ لَم يَتَوانَيا
عَنin وَصلِpursuing حَمدٍpraise وَاِجتِنابِand avoiding سِبابِabuse
عَن وَصلِ حَمدٍ وَاِجتِنابِ سِبابِ
They have passed seventy, yet have not slackened
in pursuing praise and shunning abuse.
نَسَباهُماtheir two pedigrees قَلَماهُماtheir two pens فَليَسحَباso let them trail
نَسَباهُما قَلَماهُما فَليَسحَبا
ذَيلاًa train عَلىover الأَحسابِancestral honors وَالأَنسابِand lineages
ذَيلاً عَلى الأَحسابِ وَالأَنسابِ
Their pens are their pedigrees; let them trail
a train over ancestral honors and lineages.
قَلَمانِtwo pens مَشروعانِheld forth فيin شِقَّيهِماtheir two clefts
قَلَمانِ مَشروعانِ في شِقَّيهِما
وَحيٌinspiration يُفيضُoverflows عَلىupon أُوليthose possessing الأَلبابِunderstanding
وَحيٌ يُفيضُ عَلى أُولي الأَلبابِ
Two pens held forth; within their clefts
is inspiration overflowing upon those endowed with understanding.
مُتَسانِدانِmutually supporting إِذاwhen الخُطوبُcalamities تَأَلَّبَتband together
مُتَسانِدانِ إِذا الخُطوبُ تَأَلَّبَت
مُتَعانِقانِembracing one another تَعانُقَwith the embrace of الأَحبابِloved ones
مُتَعانِقانِ تَعانُقَ الأَحبابِ
Supporting one another when calamities band together,
embracing as loved ones embrace.
نَفَحاتُbreezes آذارٍof March إِذاif لَمnot يُظلَماthey are wronged
نَفَحاتُ آذارٍ إِذا لَم يُظلَما
فَإِذاthen if هُماthey both ظُلِماare wronged فَلَفحَةُthen a scorching blast آبِof August
فَإِذا هُما ظُلِما فَلَفحَةُ آبِ
March breezes if they are not wronged,
but if they are wronged, August's scorching blast.
ماnever سَوَّداthey blackened بَيضاءَa white sheet إِلّاexcept بَيَّضاthey whitened
ما سَوَّدا بَيضاءَ إِلّا بَيَّضا
بِالكاتِبَينِfor the two writers صَحيفَةَthe page of الإِعجابِadmiration
بِالكاتِبَينِ صَحيفَةَ الإِعجابِ
They never blackened a white sheet without whitening
the page of admiration for the two writers.
لِلمَقصِدِfor the aim الأَسمىthe loftiest لَدىbeside حَرَمِthe sanctuary of النُهىintellect
لِلمَقصِدِ الأَسمى لَدى حَرَمِ النُهى
رَفَعاthey raised قِباباًdomes حوجِزَتwere screened بِقِبابِby domes
رَفَعا قِباباً حوجِزَت بِقِبابِ
For the loftiest aim, beside the sanctuary of intellect,
they raised domes, screened by other domes.
خَطّاthey inscribed بِمُقتَطَفِin Al-Muqtataf العُلومِof the sciences بَدائِعاًmarvels
خَطّا بِمُقتَطَفِ العُلومِ بَدائِعاً
وَرَوائِعاًand masterpieces بَقِيَتendured عَلىthrough الأَحقابِthe ages
وَرَوائِعاً بَقِيَت عَلى الأَحقابِ
In Al-Muqtataf of the sciences they inscribed marvels
and masterpieces that endured through the ages.
جاءاthey brought لَناto us مِنfrom كُلِّevery عِلمٍscience نافِعٍuseful
جاءا لَنا مِن كُلِّ عِلمٍ نافِعٍ
أَوor كُلِّevery فَنٍّart مُمتِعٍdelightful بِلُبابِwith the essence
أَو كُلِّ فَنٍّ مُمتِعٍ بِلُبابِ
They brought us, from every useful science
or every delightful art, its essence.
فيin كُلِّevery لَفظٍword حِكمَةٌwisdom مَجلُوَّةٌpolished bright
في كُلِّ لَفظٍ حِكمَةٌ مَجلُوَّةٌ
وَبِكُلِّand in every سَطرٍline مَهبِطٌa landing-place لِصَوابِfor sound judgment
وَبِكُلِّ سَطرٍ مَهبِطٌ لِصَوابِ
In every word lies wisdom polished bright,
and in every line sound judgment alights.
فَاللَفظُfor the word فيهِin it مُقَوَّمٌvalued بِصَحيفَةٍat a page
فَاللَفظُ فيهِ مُقَوَّمٌ بِصَحيفَةٍ
وَالسَطرُand the line فيهِin it مُقَوَّمٌvalued بِكِتابِat a book
وَالسَطرُ فيهِ مُقَوَّمٌ بِكِتابِ
For a word in it is worth a page,
and a line in it is worth a book.
دانيwithin reach القُطوفِthe fruit-clusters كَريمَةٌgenerous أَفياؤُهُits shades
داني القُطوفِ كَريمَةٌ أَفياؤُهُ
عَذبُsweet الوُرودِto draw water from مُفَتَّحُwide open الأَبوابِthe doors
عَذبُ الوُرودِ مُفَتَّحُ الأَبوابِ
Its fruit-clusters hang near, its shade is generous,
sweet to draw from, its doors wide open.
ذُلُلٌeasy مَسالِكُهُits paths فَأَنّىso wherever جِئتَهُyou come to it
ذُلُلٌ مَسالِكُهُ فَأَنّى جِئتَهُ
أَلفَيتَyou find نَفسَكَyourself فيin فَسيحِthe breadth of رِحابِopen courts
أَلفَيتَ نَفسَكَ في فَسيحِ رِحابِ
Its paths are easy; wherever you come to it,
you find yourself in spacious courts.
تَتَسابَقُrace الأَقلامُthe pens فيهِwithin it وَلاand not تَرىyou see
تَتَسابَقُ الأَقلامُ فيهِ وَلا تَرى
مِنany عاثِرٍstumbling one فيهاamong them وَلاnor مِنany نابيslipping one
مِن عاثِرٍ فيها وَلا مِن نابي
Pens race within it, and you see
none among them stumbling, none slipping aside.
كَمhow many مِنa يَراعَةِreed pen of كاتِبٍa writer جالَتranged بِهِthrough it
كَم مِن يَراعَةِ كاتِبٍ جالَت بِهِ
وَلُعابُهاand its saliva فيon الطِرسِthe page حُلوُsweet رُضابِnectar
وَلُعابُها في الطِرسِ حُلوُ رُضابِ
How many a writer's reed pen has ranged through it,
and its saliva on the page is sweet nectar.
كَمhow many مِنa سُؤالٍquestion فيهِin it كانَwas جَوابُهُits answer
كَم مِن سُؤالٍ فيهِ كانَ جَوابُهُ
اِلهامَthe inspiration of نابِغَةٍa genius وَفَصلَand decisiveness of خِطابِspeech
اِلهامَ نابِغَةٍ وَفَصلَ خِطابِ
How many a question in it had for its answer
a genius's inspiration and a decisive judgment.
كَمhow many فيهِin it مِنa نَهرٍriver جَرىflowed بِطَريقَةٍalong a course
كَم فيهِ مِن نَهرٍ جَرى بِطَريقَةٍ
تَرِدُcome to drink النُهىminds مِنهُfrom it أَلَذَّthe sweetest شَرابِdrink
تَرِدُ النُهى مِنهُ أَلَذَّ شَرابِ
How many a river ran its course within it,
from which minds draw the sweetest drink.
وَقَفَتstood سُقاةُcupbearers الفَضلِof excellence فيin جَنَباتِهِits sides
وَقَفَت سُقاةُ الفَضلِ في جَنَباتِهِ
تُرويquench النُفوسَsouls بِمُترَعِwith brimming الأَكوابِcups
تُروي النُفوسَ بِمُترَعِ الأَكوابِ
The cupbearers of excellence stood along its sides,
quenching souls with brimming cups.
ماذاwhat أَعُدُّshall I count وَهَذِهِand these آياتُهُits wonders
ماذا أَعُدُّ وَهَذِهِ آياتُهُ
فيin العَدِّcounting تُعجِزُdefeat أَمهَرَthe most skilled الحُسّابِreckoners
في العَدِّ تُعجِزُ أَمهَرَ الحُسّابِ
What shall I count, when these wonders of its
defy the counting of the most skilled reckoners?
قَدindeed نُسِّقَتhave been arranged وَتَآلَفَتand harmonized فَكَأَنَّهاso it is as though they
قَد نُسِّقَت وَتَآلَفَت فَكَأَنَّها
فيin الحُسنِbeauty مِثلَlike تَآلُفِthe harmony of الأَحزابِthe parties
في الحُسنِ مِثلَ تَآلُفِ الأَحزابِ
They have been ordered and brought into harmony, as though
in beauty they were like parties in accord.
وَتَرىand you see تَهافُتَناour eager rush عَلَيهِtoward it وَحِرصَناand our eagerness
وَتَرى تَهافُتَنا عَلَيهِ وَحِرصَنا
فَتَخالُso you imagine فيهِin it مَقاعِدَseats النُوّابِof deputies
فَتَخالُ فيهِ مَقاعِدَ النُوّابِ
You see how we flock to it and eagerly seek it,
so you imagine that it holds seats in parliament.
ياO ثَروَةَtreasure القُرّاءِof readers مِنof عِلمٍlearning وَمِنand of
يا ثَروَةَ القُرّاءِ مِن عِلمٍ وَمِن
فَضلٍexcellence وَمِنand of حِكَمٍwisdom وَمِنand of آدابِletters
فَضلٍ وَمِن حِكَمٍ وَمِن آدابِ
O readers' treasure of learning and of
excellence, of wisdom, and of letters!
الشَرقُthe East أَثبَتَproved يَومَon the day of عيدِكَyour celebration أَنَّهُthat it
الشَرقُ أَثبَتَ يَومَ عيدِكَ أَنَّهُ
مازالَremains فيin رِيٍّabundant water وَخِصبِand fertility of جَنابِsurroundings
مازالَ في رِيٍّ وَخِصبِ جَنابِ
The East proved, on your day of celebration, that it
remains well-watered, its lands fertile.
عادَتreturned سَماءُthe sky of الفَضلِexcellence فيهِwithin it فَأَطلَعَتso brought forth
عادَت سَماءُ الفَضلِ فيهِ فَأَطلَعَت
زُهراًbright stars مِنَamong الأَعلامِthe luminaries وَالأَقطابِand leading figures
زُهراً مِنَ الأَعلامِ وَالأَقطابِ
The sky of excellence returned there and brought forth
bright stars among the luminaries and leading figures.
العِلمُknowledge شَرقِيٌّEastern تَغافَلَwere heedless أَهلُهُits people
العِلمُ شَرقِيٌّ تَغافَلَ أَهلُهُ
عَنهُof it فَعاقَبَهُمso it punished them بِطولِwith a long غِيابِabsence
عَنهُ فَعاقَبَهُم بِطولِ غِيابِ
Knowledge is Eastern; its people grew heedless
of it, so it punished them with long absence.
وَتَنَبَّهواand they awoke لِمُصابِهِمto their affliction فَتَضَرَّعواso they implored
وَتَنَبَّهوا لِمُصابِهِم فَتَضَرَّعوا
فَعَفاso it forgave وَعاوَدَهُمand returned to them بِغَيرِwithout عِتابِreproach
فَعَفا وَعاوَدَهُم بِغَيرِ عِتابِ
They awoke to their affliction and implored it,
so it forgave them and returned without reproach.
فَتَذَوَّقواthen they tasted طَعمَthe taste of الحَياةِlife وَأَدرَكواand understood
فَتَذَوَّقوا طَعمَ الحَياةِ وَأَدرَكوا
ماwhat فيin الجَهالَةِignorance مِنof أَذىًharm وَتَبابِand ruin
ما في الجَهالَةِ مِن أَذىً وَتَبابِ
Then they tasted life and understood
the harm and ruin that ignorance holds.
العِلمُknowledge فيin البَأساءِhardship مُزنَةُa raincloud of رَحمَةٍmercy
العِلمُ في البَأساءِ مُزنَةُ رَحمَةٍ
وَالجَهلُand ignorance فيin النَعماءِprosperity سَوطُa scourge of عَذابِtorment
وَالجَهلُ في النَعماءِ سَوطُ عَذابِ
Knowledge in hardship is a raincloud of mercy;
ignorance amid plenty is a scourge of torment.
وَلَعَلَّand perhaps وِردَthe draught of العِلمِknowledge مالَمunless يَرعَهُtends it
وَلَعَلَّ وِردَ العِلمِ مالَم يَرعَهُ
ساقٍa cupbearer مِنَof الأَخلاقِmorals وِردُa draught of سَرابِmirage
ساقٍ مِنَ الأَخلاقِ وِردُ سَرابِ
And perhaps the draught of knowledge, unless tended
by a cupbearer of morals, is a draught from a mirage.
إِنّيindeed I قَرَأتُكَread you فيin الكُهولَةِmaturity وَالصِباand youth
إِنّي قَرَأتُكَ في الكُهولَةِ وَالصِبا
وَمَلَأتُand filled مِنwith ثَمَرِthe fruit of العُقولِminds وِطابيmy skin flasks
وَمَلَأتُ مِن ثَمَرِ العُقولِ وِطابي
I read you in maturity and in youth,
and filled my skin flasks with the fruits of minds.
وَأَتَيتُand I came أَقضيto repay بَعضَsome of ماwhat أَولَيتَنيyou bestowed on me
وَأَتَيتُ أَقضي بَعضَ ما أَولَيتَني
وَأَقولُand say فيكَabout you الحَقَّthe truth غَيرَnot مُحابيshowing favoritism
وَأَقولُ فيكَ الحَقَّ غَيرَ مُحابي
I have come to repay some of what you bestowed on me,
and to speak the truth of you without favoritism.
لَوif كُنتُI were فيin عَهدِthe season of الفُتُوَّةِyouthful vigor لَمnot أَزَلI cease to be
لَو كُنتُ في عَهدِ الفُتُوَّةِ لَم أَزَل
لَوَهبتُI would have given لِلشَيخَينِto the two elders بُردَthe mantle of شَبابيmy youth
لَوَهبتُ لِلشَيخَينِ بُردَ شَبابي
Had I still been in the season of youth,
I would have given the two elders the mantle of my youth.
لَكِنَّنيbut I أَبلَيتُهُwore it out وَطَوَيتُهُand folded it away
لَكِنَّني أَبلَيتُهُ وَطَوَيتُهُ
وَتَخِذتُand made مِنfrom نَسجِthe weave of المَشيبِgray hair ثِيابيmy clothes
وَتَخِذتُ مِن نَسجِ المَشيبِ ثِيابي
But I have worn it out and folded it away,
and made my clothes from the weave of gray hair.
وَأَرىand I see رِكابيmy riding camels حينَwhen شابَتgrayed لِمَّتيmy locks
وَأَرى رِكابي حينَ شابَت لِمَّتي
يَحتَثُّهاurges them on سَفَرٌa journey بِغَيرِwithout إِيابِreturn
يَحتَثُّها سَفَرٌ بِغَيرِ إِيابِ
And now that my locks have grayed, I see my mounts
urged onward by a journey with no return.
يَعقوبُYaqub إِنَّكَindeed you قَدalready كَبِرتَhave grown old وَلَمand not تَزَلyou cease
يَعقوبُ إِنَّكَ قَد كَبِرتَ وَلَم تَزَل
فيin العِلمِknowledge لاnot تَزدادُyou increase غَيرَexcept in تَصابيyouthful playfulness
في العِلمِ لا تَزدادُ غَيرَ تَصابي
Yaqub, you have grown old, yet still
in learning you only grow more youthful in spirit.
لاحَتappeared بِرَأسِكَin your head هِزَّةٌa tremor وَلَعَلَّهاand perhaps it
لاحَت بِرَأسِكَ هِزَّةٌ وَلَعَلَّها
مِنfrom وَقعِthe impact of فِكرِكَyour thought لاnot مِنَfrom الأَعصابِthe nerves
مِن وَقعِ فِكرِكَ لا مِنَ الأَعصابِ
A tremor has appeared in your head; perhaps it comes
from the impact of your thought, not from the nerves.
فِكرٌthought سَريعٌswift كَرُّهُits charge مُتَدَفِّعٌsurging
فِكرٌ سَريعٌ كَرُّهُ مُتَدَفِّعٌ
كَتَدَفُّعِlike the surging of الأَمواجِthe waves فَوقَover عُبابِthe swelling deep
كَتَدَفُّعِ الأَمواجِ فَوقَ عُبابِ
A thought swift in its charges, surging onward,
like waves surging over the swelling deep.
لاnot يَستَقِرُّit rests وَلاand not يُحَدِّثُit tells نَفسَهُitself
لا يَستَقِرُّ وَلا يُحَدِّثُ نَفسَهُ
أَنto يَنثَنيdesist عَنfrom جَيئَةٍcoming وَذَهابِand going
أَن يَنثَني عَن جَيئَةٍ وَذَهابِ
It never rests, nor tells itself
to desist from coming and going.
أَوor أَنَّهاit is طَرَبٌdelight بِنَفسِكَin your soul كُلَّماwhenever
أَو أَنَّها طَرَبٌ بِنَفسِكَ كُلَّما
وُفِّقتَyou succeed فيin بَحثٍresearch وَكَشفِand lifting نِقابِa veil
وُفِّقتَ في بَحثٍ وَكَشفِ نِقابِ
Or perhaps it is delight within your soul whenever
you succeed in research and lift a veil;
أَوor أَنَّهاit is اِستِنكارُdisapproval of ماwhat شاهَدتَهُyou have seen
أَو أَنَّها اِستِنكارُ ما شاهَدتَهُ
فيamong الناسِpeople مِنof لَهوٍfrivolity وَسوءِand evil of مَآبِoutcome
في الناسِ مِن لَهوٍ وَسوءِ مَآبِ
or perhaps it is disapproval of what you have seen
among people: frivolity and a wretched end.
لَمnot يُلهِكَhas distracted you الإِثراءُbecoming wealthy عَنfrom طَلَبِseeking العُلاeminence
لَم يُلهِكَ الإِثراءُ عَن طَلَبِ العُلا
بِالجِدِّthrough diligence لاnot بِتَصَيُّدِby hunting الأَلقابِtitles
بِالجِدِّ لا بِتَصَيُّدِ الأَلقابِ
Wealth has not distracted you from seeking eminence
through diligence, not through hunting titles.
لَكَfor you فيin سَبيلِthe cause of العِلمِknowledge أَجرُthe reward of مُجاهِدٍa warrior
لَكَ في سَبيلِ العِلمِ أَجرُ مُجاهِدٍ
وَالصَبرُand patience أَجرُthe reward of مُلازِمِone devoted to المِحرابِthe prayer niche
وَالصَبرُ أَجرُ مُلازِمِ المِحرابِ
In the cause of knowledge, yours is a warrior's reward,
and for patience, the reward of one devoted to the prayer niche.
وَإِلَيكَand to you مِنfrom جُهدِthe effort of المُقِلِّone of scant means قَصيدَةًa poem
وَإِلَيكَ مِن جُهدِ المُقِلِّ قَصيدَةً
يُغنيكَspares you موجَزُهاits brevity عَنِfrom الإِسهابِprolixity
يُغنيكَ موجَزُها عَنِ الإِسهابِ
And here is a poem, the effort of one of scant means,
whose brevity spares you prolixity.
لَولاwere it not for السَقامُillness وَماand what أُكابِدُI endure مِنof أَسىًsorrow
لَولا السَقامُ وَما أُكابِدُ مِن أَسىً
لَلَحِقتُI would have caught up with فيin هَذاthis المَجالِfield صِحابيmy companions
لَلَحِقتُ في هَذا المَجالِ صِحابي
Were it not for illness and the sorrow I endure,
I would have caught up with my companions in this field.
Sol 6.1