تَرامىspread out اللَيلُthe night كَالهَمِّlike sorrow الثَقيلِheavy
تَرامى اللَيلُ كَالهَمِّ الثَقيلِ
يَجُرُّdrags ذُيولَthe skirts مِعطَفهِits cloak الطَويلِlong
يَجُرُّ ذُيولَ مِعطَفهِ الطَويلِ
Night spread out like heavy sorrow,
The night sprawls like heavy worries
Dragging the skirts of its long cloak,
Dragging the tails of its long cloak
وَيُبرِزُand reveals فيin مَشارِفهِits fringes نُجوماًstars
وَيُبرِزُ في مَشارِفهِ نُجوماً
بِلَونٍin a hue بُرتُقالِيٍّorange ضَئيلِfaint
بِلَونٍ بُرتُقالِيٍّ ضَئيلِ
And revealing stars along its fringes,
And reveals in its outskirts stars
In a faint orange hue.
Of faint orange hue
وَكانَتand was زوقZouk ميكائيلMikael تُصغيlistening
وَكانَت زوق ميكائيل تُصغي
الىto هَمسِthe whisper النَياسمthe breezes فيin الحُقولِthe fields
الى هَمسِ النَياسم في الحُقولِ
And Zouk Mikael was listening
And Michael's taste was listening
To the whisper of breezes in the fields,
To the whispers of jasmine in the fields
فَتَبسِمُso it smiles عَنrevealing كَواكِبهاits stars النَحيلَهslender
فَتَبسِمُ عَن كَواكِبها النَحيلَه
وَتَحلمُand dreams فيamid جَواذِبِهاits charms الجَميلَةbeautiful
وَتَحلمُ في جَواذِبِها الجَميلَة
So it smiles, revealing its slender stars,
So she smiles at her slender stars
And dreams amid its lovely charms
And dreams in her beautiful allure
بِعَهدٍof an age مَرَّpassed فيin الدُنياthe world جَميلِbeautiful
بِعَهدٍ مَرَّ في الدُنيا جَميلِ
وَكانَتand was قُبَّةُthe dome الجَرَسthe bell المُقيمَهstanding
وَكانَت قُبَّةُ الجَرَس المُقيمَه
Of a beautiful age that passed through the world.
Of an era that was beautiful in the world
And the bell-dome, standing
And the dome of the steady bell
عَلىon عَمَدَيthe two pillars of كَنيسَتُهاits church القَديمَهancient
عَلى عَمَدَي كَنيسَتُها القَديمَه
تَقَطَّعُappears fragmented فيin السَماءِthe sky وَقدand already تَرامىhad spread
تَقَطَّعُ في السَماءِ وَقد تَرامى
On the two pillars of its ancient church,
On the two columns of its old church
Was fragmented against the sky, while there fell
Was chopped up in the sky, and light had sprawled
عَلَيهاupon it النورُthe light أَفلاذاًin shards سَقيمَهsickly
عَلَيها النورُ أَفلاذاً سَقيمَه
كَطَيفٍlike a ghost يَخفرguards الأَمواتِthe dead لَيلاًby night
كَطَيفٍ يَخفر الأَمواتِ لَيلاً
Upon it light in sickly shards,
On it, sick rays
Like a ghost guarding the dead by night,
Like a specter that keeps vigil over the dead at night
وَيَبقىand remains ساهِراًawake سَهَرَthe vigil الأُمومهmotherhood
وَيَبقى ساهِراً سَهَرَ الأُمومه
وَكانَand was اللَيلُthe night مُنفَطِرَriven الشُعورِfeeling
وَكانَ اللَيلُ مُنفَطِرَ الشُعورِ
And staying awake, keeping motherhood's vigil.
And stays awake like a mother's vigil
And night was riven with feeling;
And the night was broken in feelings
أَحَسَّfelt لَهيبَthe burning سُكّانِthe inhabitants القُبورِthe graves
أَحَسَّ لَهيبَ سُكّانِ القُبورِ
فَلَطَّفَso it softened فيin مَعابِرِهِits passages نَسيمَهits breeze
فَلَطَّفَ في مَعابِرِهِ نَسيمَه
It felt the burning of the graves' inhabitants,
Felt the flame of the inhabitants of the graves
So it softened its breeze along its passages.
So it softened its breeze in its corridors
وَكانَتand were أَغصُنُthe branches الدَوحthe spreading trees القَديمِancient
وَكانَت أَغصُنُ الدَوح القَديمِ
يَهزُّshakes رُؤوسَهاtheir heads مَرُّthe passing النَسيمِthe breeze
يَهزُّ رُؤوسَها مَرُّ النَسيمِ
And the branches of the ancient spreading trees
And the branches of the old palm tree
Had their heads shaken by the passing breeze,
Shook their heads as the breeze passed
فَيُسمَعso is heard فيin الدُجىthe darkness مِنهاfrom them حَفيفٌa rustling
فَيُسمَع في الدُجى مِنها حَفيفٌ
كَصَوتِlike the sound الوَخزِpricking فيin قَلبٍa heart أَثيمِsinful
كَصَوتِ الوَخزِ في قَلبٍ أَثيمِ
So a rustling was heard from them in the darkness,
So a rustling is heard in the gloom from it
Like the sound of pricking in a sinful heart.
Like the sound of sting in a sinful heart
وَفيand in الاِكواخِthe huts أَقباسٌsmall flames ضِعافٌfaint
وَفي الاِكواخِ أَقباسٌ ضِعافٌ
كَأَخيِلَةِlike reflections الكَواكِبِthe stars فيon الأَديمِthe earth's surface
كَأَخيِلَةِ الكَواكِبِ في الأَديمِ
And in the huts were feeble flames,
And in the huts, weak lanterns
Like reflections of the stars upon the earth,
Like the imagination of stars in the horizon
تُصَعِّدُsend up فيthrough نَوافِذهاtheir windows الصَغيرَهsmall
تُصَعِّدُ في نَوافِذها الصَغيرَه
زَفيراًa sigh منfrom أَشعَّتهاtheir rays الحَقيرَهpaltry
زَفيراً من أَشعَّتها الحَقيرَه
Sending up through their little windows
Make in their small windows
A sigh from their paltry rays,
A sigh from their miserable flames
كَأَنَّas though بزيتهاin their oil بَعضَsome الهُمومِsorrows
كَأَنَّ بزيتها بَعضَ الهُمومِ
وَفيand in الأَبعادِthe distance كانwas يُرىseen الخَليجُthe gulf
وَفي الأَبعادِ كان يُرى الخَليجُ
As though there were some sorrows in their oil.
As if some worries were in its oil
And in the distance the gulf could be seen,
And in the distance, the bay could be seen
تَمجُّspews مِياهُهُits waters نوراًlight يَموجُripples
تَمجُّ مِياهُهُ نوراً يَموجُ
كَلَوحٍlike a panel أَسوَدٍblack مُلقىًlaid عَلَيهِupon it
كَلَوحٍ أَسوَدٍ مُلقىً عَلَيهِ
Its waters spewing rippling light,
Its waters swelling with light waves
Like a black panel upon which was laid
Like a black board thrown over it
إِطارٌa frame فيهِwithin it منof ذَهَبٍgold نَسيجُa weave
إِطارٌ فيهِ من ذَهَبٍ نَسيجُ
تُدبِّجهُembroider it مَصابيحٌlamps وَزُهرٌand bright stars
تُدبِّجهُ مَصابيحٌ وَزُهرٌ
A frame with a weave of gold within it,
A golden frame on it, embroidered
Embroidered by lamps and bright stars,
With lamps and flowers
لَهاfor them فيin الماءِthe water مَنظَرُهاtheir appearance البَهيجُdelightful
لَها في الماءِ مَنظَرُها البَهيجُ
وَأَضواءُand the lights النُجومthe stars عَلىon الشَواطِىءُthe shores
وَأَضواءُ النُجوم عَلى الشَواطِىءُ
Whose appearance in the water is delightful.
That have their splendid sight in the water
And the stars' lights upon the shores,
And the light of the stars on the coasts
إِذاwhen اِمتَزَجَتthey mingle بِأَضواءِwith the lights المرافىءthe harbors
إِذا اِمتَزَجَت بِأَضواءِ المرافىء
يَكونُthere is مِنَof الخَيالِfantasy بِهاwithin them مَزيجُa mixture
يَكونُ مِنَ الخَيالِ بِها مَزيجُ
When mingled with the harbor lights,
When blended with the lights of the harbors
Hold a mingling of fantasy within them.
Makes an imagination of it at night beautiful
دَعِleave الأَبعادَthe far reaches فيin اللَيلِthe night الجَميلِbeautiful
دَعِ الأَبعادَ في اللَيلِ الجَميلِ
تَنَمsleep سَكرىdrunk مَعَwith النورِthe light الضَئيلِfaint
تَنَم سَكرى مَعَ النورِ الضَئيلِ
Leave the far reaches in the lovely night
Leave the distances on a beautiful night
To sleep, drunk, with the faint light;
To sleep intoxicated with dim light
وَخَلِّand let أَنامِلَthe fingers النَسَماتِthe breezes تَلعَبplay
وَخَلِّ أَنامِلَ النَسَماتِ تَلعَب
كَماas شاءَتthey please بِأَوراقِwith the leaves الحُقولِthe fields
كَما شاءَت بِأَوراقِ الحُقولِ
And let the fingers of the breezes play
And let the fingers of the breeze play
As they please with the leaves of the fields.
As it wishes with the leaves of the fields
وَدَعand let قَطرَthe drops النَدىdew المَخمورَdrunken يَسقُطfall
وَدَع قَطرَ النَدى المَخمورَ يَسقُط
عَلىon جَسَدthe body الجَنائِنِthe gardens وَالطلولِand the ruins
عَلى جَسَد الجَنائِنِ وَالطلولِ
And let the drunken drops of dew fall
And let the drunk dew drop fall
Upon the body of the gardens and the ruins.
On the body of the gardens and hills
وَهَيّاand come بيwith me نَلِجlet us enter قَصراًa palace صَغيراsmall
وَهَيّا بي نَلِج قَصراً صَغيرا
تَرىyou see المِصباحَthe lamp يَملاُوهfills it شُعوراfeeling
تَرى المِصباحَ يَملاُوه شُعورا
And come with me; let us enter a little palace—
Come with me, let's enter a small palace
You see the lamp filling it with feeling—
Where you see the lamp fill it with feelings
رَساstood firm فيin الزَوقZouk منsince عَهدِan age طَويلِlong
رَسا في الزَوق من عَهدِ طَويلِ
فَتُبصِرَthen you see إِنif وَلَجتَyou enter فَتىًa youth كَئيباsorrowful
فَتُبصِرَ إِن وَلَجتَ فَتىً كَئيبا
That has stood in Zouk since long ago.
Lingering in taste from a long era
Then, if you enter, you will see a sorrowful youth,
So if you entered you'd see a gloomy youth
مِنَfrom الإِحساسِfeeling يوشِكُis about أَنto يَذوباmelt
مِنَ الإِحساسِ يوشِكُ أَن يَذوبا
إِذاif أَمعَنتَyou look closely فيهat him رَأَيتَyou see جِسماًa body
إِذا أَمعَنتَ فيه رَأَيتَ جِسماً
Almost melting away from sheer feeling.
From feeling about to melt
If you study him closely, you see a body
If you looked closely, you'd see a body
يَفورseethes كَأَنَّas though فيin دَمِهِhis blood لَهيباa flame
يَفور كَأَنَّ في دَمِهِ لَهيبا
لَهُhe has قَلبٌa heart يُرىis seen فيin كُلِّevery قَلبٍheart
لَهُ قَلبٌ يُرى في كُلِّ قَلبٍ
Seething as though a flame were in his blood.
Seething as if there were flames in its blood
He has a heart that is seen in every heart,
He has a heart that appears in every heart
كَأَنَّas though اللَهَGod ذَرَّscattered بِهِwithin him قُلوباhearts
كَأَنَّ اللَهَ ذَرَّ بِهِ قُلوبا
فَتىًa youth كَالفَجرِlike dawn أَلواناًin colors وَعُمراand in age
فَتىً كَالفَجرِ أَلواناً وَعُمرا
As though God had scattered hearts within him.
As if God had scattered hearts in it
A youth like dawn in color and in age;
A youth like dawn in colors and age
إِذاwhen أَبصَرتَهyou see him أَبصَرتَyou see فَجراa dawn
إِذا أَبصَرتَه أَبصَرتَ فَجرا
يَمُدُّcasts جَمالُهُhis beauty ظِلّاa shadow غَريباstrange
يَمُدُّ جَمالُهُ ظِلّا غَريبا
When you see him, you see a dawn.
If you saw him, you saw dawn
His beauty casts a strange shadow.
His beauty casts a strange shadow
وَإِنand if أَصغَيتَyou listen تَسمَعُهُyou hear him يَقولُhe says
وَإِن أَصغَيتَ تَسمَعُهُ يَقولُ
لِوالِدَةٍto a mother أَلَمَّbefell بِهاupon her النُحولُwasting
لِوالِدَةٍ أَلَمَّ بِها النُحولُ
And if you listen, you hear him say
And if you listened, you'd hear him say
To a mother whom wasting has afflicted,
To a mother that emaciation afflicted
لِأُمٍّto a mother فارَقَتparted from زوجاًa husband حَبيباًbeloved
لِأُمٍّ فارَقَت زوجاً حَبيباً
طَواهُenfolded him منof الرَدىdeath لَيلٌa night ثَقيلُheavy
طَواهُ من الرَدى لَيلٌ ثَقيلُ
To a mother parted from a beloved husband,
To a mother who left a beloved husband
Whom a heavy night of death enfolded:
Whom a heavy night shrouded
أُحِسُّI feel لَهاfor her اِضطِّراباًa trembling فيin فُؤاديmy heart
أُحِسُّ لَها اِضطِّراباً في فُؤادي
وَدَمعاًand tears فيin حَناياهُits recesses يَجولُroam
وَدَمعاً في حَناياهُ يَجولُ
I feel a trembling for her in my heart,
I feel disturbance in my heart for her
And tears that roam through its recesses.
And a tear wandering in its folds
وَماand not أَحسَستُI felt امسِyesterday بِمِثلِanything like هذاthis
وَما أَحسَستُ امسِ بِمِثلِ هذا
فَاِمسيfor my yesterday كانwas لاnot ادريI know لِماذاwhy
فَاِمسي كان لا ادري لِماذا
And I felt nothing like this yesterday;
I did not feel this yesterday
For my yesterday was—I do not know why—
So yesterday I did not know why
جَميلاًbeautiful كُلُّall ماthat فيهِin it جَميلُbeautiful
جَميلاً كُلُّ ما فيهِ جَميلُ
أَجلyes ياO أُمِّmy mother صِرتُI became فَتىًa youth شَقيّاunhappy
أَجل يا أُمِّ صِرتُ فَتىً شَقيّا
Beautiful; everything in it was beautiful.
Beautiful, everything in it is beautiful
Yes, Mother, I have become an unhappy youth;
Yes, O mother, I have become a wretched youth
يَكادُnearly اليَأسُdespair يُطفىءُextinguishes مُقلَتَيّاmy two eyes
يَكادُ اليَأسُ يُطفىءُ مُقلَتَيّا
فَأَينَthen where مَضَتhave gone لَيالِيَّmy nights الخَواليbygone
فَأَينَ مَضَت لَيالِيَّ الخَوالي
Despair almost extinguishes my eyes.
Despair almost extinguishes my eyelids
Where, then, have my bygone nights gone,
So where have the nights of dreams gone
وَقَلبٌand a heart كانwas فيin الماضيthe past خَلِيّاcarefree
وَقَلبٌ كان في الماضي خَلِيّا
أَرىI see غَلواءَGhalwa تُعرِضُturns away عنfrom هُياميmy passion
أَرى غَلواءَ تُعرِضُ عن هُيامي
And the heart that was carefree in the past?
And a heart that was empty in the past
I see Ghalwa turning away from my passion,
I see a flirtation turn away from my love
وَيَكتُمُand conceals قَلبُهاher heart سِرّاًa secret خَفِيّاhidden
وَيَكتُمُ قَلبُها سِرّاً خَفِيّا
وَتَسمَعُهاand you hear her تَقولُshe says لَهُto him شَفيقُShafiq
وَتَسمَعُها تَقولُ لَهُ شَفيقُ
And her heart conceals a hidden secret.
And her heart hides a secret, hidden thing
And you hear her say to him: Shafiq,
And you hear her guardian say to her
بُنَيَّmy son لَقَدindeed أَضلَّتكَshe has led you astray الطَريقَthe way
بُنَيَّ لَقَد أَضلَّتكَ الطَريقَ
فَهَلso have نَبَّهتyou warned قَلبَكَyour heart ياO بُنَيّاmy son
فَهَل نَبَّهت قَلبَكَ يا بُنَيّا
My son, she has surely led you astray;
My daughter, the path has led you astray
Have you, then, warned your heart, my son?
Have you awakened your heart, my daughter
جَميلٌbeautiful ياO وَحيديmy only child أَنto تُحبّاlove
جَميلٌ يا وَحيدي أَن تُحبّا
وَتَرفَعَand lift لِلهَوىto love عَيناًan eye وَقَلباand a heart
وَتَرفَعَ لِلهَوى عَيناً وَقَلبا
It is beautiful, my only child, to love
It is beautiful, my only one, to love
And lift an eye and a heart to love,
And lift eyes and heart to passion
وَتَسمَعَand hear مِنهُfrom it أَنغاماًmelodies عِذاباًsweet
وَتَسمَعَ مِنهُ أَنغاماً عِذاباً
وَتَشرَبand drink منfrom يَدَيهِits two hands الماءَthe water عَذباءsweet
وَتَشرَب من يَدَيهِ الماءَ عَذباء
And hear sweet melodies from it,
And hear tormenting tunes from it
And drink sweet water from its hands.
And drink fresh water from its hands
لَقَدindeed أَحسَستُI felt قَبلَكَbefore you بِاِضطِرابٍtrembling
لَقَد أَحسَستُ قَبلَكَ بِاِضطِرابٍ
وَقاسَيتُand I endured الهَوىlove سَهلاeasy وَصَعباand hard
وَقاسَيتُ الهَوى سَهلا وَصَعبا
I felt a trembling before you,
I felt disturbance before you
And endured love, both easy and hard.
And endured love, easy and difficult
وَلكِنand yet لَيسَnot يَندَمُregrets مَنwhoever تَأَنّىtakes his time
وَلكِن لَيسَ يَندَمُ مَن تَأَنّى
فَغلواfor Ghalwa ياO اِبنِmy son أَكبَرُolder مِنكَthan you سِنّاin age
فَغلوا يا اِبنِ أَكبَرُ مِنكَ سِنّا
But whoever takes his time does not regret it;
But one who is patient does not regret
For Ghalwa, my son, is older than you.
Take your time, O son, older than you in years
اِذاif رَضِيَconsents الهَوىlove فَالعُمرُthen age يَأبىrefuses
اِذا رَضِيَ الهَوى فَالعُمرُ يَأبى
تَأَنَّtake your time فَسَوفَfor you will تَهوىlove مَنwhomever تُريدُyou wish
تَأَنَّ فَسَوفَ تَهوى مَن تُريدُ
If love consents, age refuses.
If passion is pleased, life refuses
Take your time; you will love whomever you wish,
Be patient, and you will love whom you want
وَتَهواكَand love you العَذارىthe maidens وَالوُرودُand the roses
وَتَهواكَ العَذارى وَالوُرودُ
فَمِثلُكَfor one like you لاnot يُجاوِرُهُdwells beside him قُنوطٌdespair
فَمِثلُكَ لا يُجاوِرُهُ قُنوطٌ
And maidens and roses will love you.
And the virgins and roses will love you
For despair does not dwell beside one like you,
One like you, despair does not accompany
وَمِلءُand filling شَبابِهِhis youth عَقلٌa mind رَشيدُsound
وَمِلءُ شَبابِهِ عَقلٌ رَشيدُ
أَمامكbefore you ياO اِبنmy son أَعوامٌyears طِوالٌlong
أَمامك يا اِبن أَعوامٌ طِوالٌ
And sound judgment fills his youth.
And his prime filled with a reasonable mind
Long years lie before you, my son,
Before you, my son, are long years
وَمنand of زَهَرِthe flowers الهَوىlove عَدَدٌa number عَديدُnumerous
وَمن زَهَرِ الهَوى عَدَدٌ عَديدُ
تَأَنَّtake your time فَسَوفَfor you will تَقطِفُpluck مِنهُfrom it زَهرَهa flower
تَأَنَّ فَسَوفَ تَقطِفُ مِنهُ زَهرَه
And a great many flowers of love.
And of the flowers of love, many
Take your time; you will pluck from it a flower
Be patient, and you will pluck its flower
تَكونُwill be أَشَدَّgreater منthan غَلواءَGhalwa نُضرَهin freshness
تَكونُ أَشَدَّ من غَلواءَ نُضرَه
يُبارِكُblesses عِطرَهاits fragrance العَهدُthe age الجَديدُnew
يُبارِكُ عِطرَها العَهدُ الجَديدُ
That will be fresher than Ghalwa,
It will be fresher than the flirtation's blossom
Whose fragrance the new age will bless.
Its fragrance will bless the new era
فَيُطلِقُthen he lets out زَفرَةَa sigh التَمِسِthe wretched one (unclear spelling) الكَئيبِsorrowful
فَيُطلِقُ زَفرَةَ التَمِسِ الكَئيبِ
وَيَغرَقُand he sinks فيinto دُجىthe darkness فِكرٍa thought غَريبِstrange
وَيَغرَقُ في دُجى فِكرٍ غَريبِ
Then he lets out a wretched, sorrowful sigh,
So he utters the sigh of gloomy longing
And sinks into the darkness of a strange thought,
And drowns in the gloom of strange thought
وَيَذهَبُand he leaves لاnot يُجيبُhe answers وَفيand in هَواهُhis love
وَيَذهَبُ لا يُجيبُ وَفي هَواهُ
لَظىa blaze شَكٍّdoubt أَشَدُّfiercer مِنَthan اللَهيبِthe flame
لَظى شَكٍّ أَشَدُّ مِنَ اللَهيبِ
And goes away without answering, while in his love
And goes without answering, and in his love
Is a blaze of doubt fiercer than flame.
A doubt more intense than flames
وَكَيفَand how يُجيبُcan he answer أُمّاa mother جَفَّhas dried فيهاin her
وَكَيفَ يُجيبُ أُمّا جَفَّ فيها
عُصارُthe sap الحُبِّlove فيin عَهدthe age الغُروبِsunset
عُصارُ الحُبِّ في عَهد الغُروبِ
And how can he answer a mother in whom
And how can he answer a mother in whom
The sap of love has dried in the age of sunset?
The juice of love dried up in the sunset
أَياO أُميmy mother اِصرِفيturn away ذيthis الكَأسَthe cup عَنّيfrom me
أَيا أُمي اِصرِفي ذي الكَأسَ عَنّي
فَماfor there is no فيin الحُبِّlove شَأنٌa role لِلتَأَنّيfor deliberation
فَما في الحُبِّ شَأنٌ لِلتَأَنّي
O Mother, turn this cup away from me;
O mother, turn the cup away from me
For deliberation has no place in love,
For there is no matter of patience in love
وَماand there is no لِلعُمرfor age شَأنٌa role فيin القُلوبِhearts
وَما لِلعُمر شَأنٌ في القُلوبِ
وَيَذهبُand he leaves لاnot يُجيبُhe answers وَفيand in هَواهُhis love
وَيَذهبُ لا يُجيبُ وَفي هَواهُ
And age has no say in hearts.
And life has no matter in hearts
And he goes away without answering, while in his love
And he goes without answering, and in his love
منof الاِشجانِsorrows ماthat which يُضنيexhausts قِواهُhis strength
من الاِشجانِ ما يُضني قِواهُ
دَعيlet ياO أُمِّmy mother زَهرَthe flowers الناسَpeople يَبسِمsmile
دَعي يا أُمِّ زَهرَ الناسَ يَبسِم
There are sorrows that exhaust his strength.
Is agony that strains his strength
Let people's flowers smile, Mother,
Leave me, O mother, people's flowers smile
وَيَنشَقand inhales فيin الوَرىthe world غَيريsomeone other than me شَذاهُtheir fragrance
وَيَنشَق في الوَرى غَيري شَذاهُ
فَليfor I have فيin جَنَّةِthe garden الاِشواكِthorns زَهرٌa flower
فَلي في جَنَّةِ الاِشواكِ زَهرٌ
And let someone else in the world breathe their fragrance;
And apart from me, their joy splits in the land
For in the garden of thorns I have a flower
I have a flower in the garden of thorns
غَريبُstrange اللَونِin color لاnot أَرضىI accept سِواهُanything other than it
غَريبُ اللَونِ لا أَرضى سِواهُ
Of strange color; I accept no other.
Strange in color, I am pleased with none but it
Sol 6.1