مَزَجتmingled دُموعthe tears of جُفونِهِhis eyelids بِدِماءِwith blood
مَزَجت دُموع جُفونِهِ بِدِماءِ
ذِكراهُhis remembrance لِلأَحبابof loved ones وَالقَرناءِand companions
ذِكراهُ لِلأَحباب وَالقَرناءِ
His eyelids' tears were mingled with blood
by his remembrance of loved ones and companions.
دَنفwasted by illness يَدُبُّcreeps السُمّpoison فيthrough أَعضائِهِhis limbs
دَنف يَدُبُّ السُمّ في أَعضائِهِ
مِنfrom سورةthe fury of الأَشواقlongings وَالبَرحاءِand searing anguish
مِن سورة الأَشواق وَالبَرحاءِ
A wasted man, poison creeps through his limbs
from the fury of longing and searing anguish.
وَصلseized الضَناwasting sickness أَوصالَهُhis joints مُستَأصِلاًdestroying completely
وَصل الضَنا أَوصالَهُ مُستَأصِلاً
لِلجسمthe body وَصلas seizing النارfire لِلحلفاءِhalfa grass
لِلجسم وَصل النار لِلحلفاءِ
Wasting sickness seized his limbs, consuming
his body as fire seizes halfa grass.
ذوpossessing مُقلَةٍan eye مَقروحَةٍulcerated مُتَجنبkeeping away
ذو مُقلَةٍ مَقروحَةٍ مُتَجنب
عَنهاfrom it الكَرىsleep وَكّافةpouring profusely الأَنواءِrain showers
عَنها الكَرى وَكّافة الأَنواءِ
His is an ulcerated eye, shunned
by sleep, pouring abundant showers.
مُتَمَلمِلٌrestless قَلِقٌanxious سَحابةthroughout لَيلِهِhis night
مُتَمَلمِلٌ قَلِقٌ سَحابة لَيلِهِ
وَنَهارِهِand his day متمنعwithheld الإغفاءِslumber
وَنَهارِهِ متمنع الإغفاءِ
Restless and anxious throughout his night
and day, with slumber denied him.
فَكَأَنso it is as though مِنof شَوكthe thorns of القتادthe qatad shrub وسادهُhis pillow
فَكَأَن مِن شَوك القتاد وسادهُ
وَكَأَنَّand as though مَضجعَهُhis bed مِنof الرَمضاءِsun-scorched ground
وَكَأَنَّ مَضجعَهُ مِن الرَمضاءِ
As though his pillow were made of qatad thorns,
and his bed of sun-scorched ground.
يُبديshows ضراعةhumble pleading مُستَكينone bowed لِلنَوىto separation
يُبدي ضراعة مُستَكين لِلنَوى
عَنfrom مُسعَديهِhis comforters وَمُؤنسيهِand his companions نائيfar away
عَن مُسعَديهِ وَمُؤنسيهِ نائي
He shows the pleading of one bowed by separation,
far from his comforters and companions.
لَمhave not أَنسَI forgotten يَوماًa day مَرَّpassed ليfor me فيin جَلقJilliq
لَم أَنسَ يَوماً مَرَّ لي في جَلق
مَثوىthe dwelling of الجَمالbeauty وَمَوطنand the home of الظُرَفاءِthe witty
مَثوى الجَمال وَمَوطن الظُرَفاءِ
I have not forgotten a day I spent in Jilliq,
beauty's dwelling and the home of the witty,
فيin رَوضَةa garden مَوسومةmarked بتراتعby the grazing of الthe—
في رَوضَة مَوسومة بتراتع ال
آرامgazelles بَلrather بِمُصارعby the death-sites of الشُهَداءِmartyrs
آرام بَل بِمُصارع الشُهَداءِ
in a garden marked by the grazing of
gazelles—rather, by the places where martyrs fell.
رقمتwere embroidered بِزَهرٍwith flowers يانعflourishing جَنباتِهاits borders
رقمت بِزَهرٍ يانع جَنباتِها
كَالوَشيlike embroidery فيupon الدِيباجَةbrocade الخَضراءِgreen
كَالوَشي في الدِيباجَة الخَضراءِ
Its borders were embroidered with flourishing flowers,
like embroidery upon green brocade.
مَسكيةmusky أَنفاسُهاits breaths فَكَأَنَّماso it is as though
مَسكية أَنفاسُها فَكَأَنَّما
هَبَتblew نَسائِمُهاits breezes بِنَشرwith the fragrance of كَباءِincense
هَبَت نَسائِمُها بِنَشر كَباءِ
Its breaths were musky, as though
its breezes blew with the fragrance of incense.
يَنسابُglides جَولَهاits stream (uncertain reading) عَلىover الكافورcamphor وَالand the—
يَنسابُ جَولَها عَلى الكافور وَال
عقبانgold (uncertain reading) مِنof تُربearth وِمِنand of حَصباءِpebbles
عقبان مِن تُرب وِمِن حَصباءِ
Its stream glides over camphor and
gold: earth and pebbles.
ضَحكتlaughed مَباسمthe smiling mouths of نورَهاits blossoms لَماwhen بَكىwept
ضَحكت مَباسم نورَها لَما بَكى
فيهاin it الغَمامthe clouds بِأَدمُعwith tears of الأَنداءِdew
فيها الغَمام بِأَدمُع الأَنداءِ
Its blossoms' smiling mouths laughed when
the clouds wept there with tears of dew.
تَسريdrifts بِهاthrough it ريحthe wind of الشمالthe north عَليلةgentle
تَسري بِها ريح الشمال عَليلة
فَتَخصso it favors مَوتىthose slain by الهَمsorrow بِالأَحياءِwith revival
فَتَخص مَوتى الهَم بِالأَحياءِ
A gentle north wind drifts through it,
favoring those slain by sorrow with renewed life.
وَتَجُرُّand trails أَذيالاًskirts هُناكَthere بَليلةًdamp
وَتَجُرُّ أَذيالاً هُناكَ بَليلةً
تَندىgrow dewy لَمسto the touch وَرانكcushions (uncertain meaning) الأَفياءِthe shades
تَندى لَمس وَرانك الأَفياءِ
And there it trails damp skirts,
dewy to the touch upon the cushions of shade.
ماamid بَينَbetween نَغمةthe melody of مَنطقone making speak بِبنانِهِwith his fingertips الthe—
ما بَينَ نَغمة مَنطق بِبنانِهِ ال
وَتَرstring الفَصيحeloquent وَرَنةand the resonant call of الوَرقاءِthe gray dove
وَتَر الفَصيح وَرَنة الوَرقاءِ
Amid the melody of one whose fingertips make the
eloquent string speak, and the gray dove's ringing call,
وَحَنينand the plaintive note of نَأيa reed flute يَنفخbreathes الأَرواحsouls فيinto
وَحَنين نَأي يَنفخ الأَرواح في
صَرعىthose slain by العَناsuffering وَالوَجدand ardent love وَالاَهواءِand desires
صَرعى العَنا وَالوَجد وَالاَهواءِ
and the yearning of a reed flute, breathing souls into
those slain by suffering, ardent love, and desire,
وَمُغَرّدand a singer فيهِin him اِشتياقthe yearning of مُتيمone enslaved by love
وَمُغَرّد فيهِ اِشتياق مُتيم
يَشدوsings بِأَشجىwith the most plaintive مَنطقvoice وَغِناءِand song
يَشدو بِأَشجى مَنطق وَغِناءِ
and a singer filled with the yearning of one enslaved by love,
singing in the most plaintive voice and song,
وَمقرطقand one wearing a short tunic يَسعىhurries إِلىtoward النَدماءِthe drinking companions
وَمقرطق يَسعى إِلى النَدماءِ
بِعَقيقةwith a carnelian فيin دُرةa pearl بَيضاءِwhite
بِعَقيقة في دُرة بَيضاءِ
and one in a short tunic hurrying to the drinking companions
with a carnelian in a white pearl.
وَنَديمناand our drinking companion ظَبيٌa gazelle غَريرٌinnocent بَينَناamong us
وَنَديمنا ظَبيٌ غَريرٌ بَينَنا
كَالبَدرlike the full moon بَينَamong كَواكبthe stars of الجَوزاءal-Jawza
كَالبَدر بَينَ كَواكب الجَوزاء
Our drinking companion was an innocent gazelle among us,
like the full moon among the stars of al-Jawza.
أَبَداًalways تَرىyou see ماءَthe water of الحَياةlife بِخَدِهِupon his cheek
أَبَداً تَرى ماءَ الحَياة بِخَدِهِ
مترقرِقاًshimmering مِنfrom نعمةluxuriant softness وَحياءِand modesty
مترقرِقاً مِن نعمة وَحياءِ
Always you see the water of life upon his cheek,
shimmering with softness and modesty.
السُحُرُmagic يَعبدworships لَحظُهُhis glance وَالظَرفand wit يَخserves (word begins)
السُحُرُ يَعبد لَحظُهُ وَالظَرف يَخ
دمserves (word continues) لَفظَهُhis speech بِغَرائبwith marvels of الأَنباءِtales
دم لَفظَهُ بِغَرائب الأَنباءِ
Magic worships his glance, and wit serves
his speech with marvelous tales.
تَستلّsteal away أَحلامthe reason of الرِجالmen جُفونَهُhis eyelids
تَستلّ أَحلام الرِجال جُفونَهُ
بِعَزائِمِwith the spells of التَرنيقhalf-closed eyes وَالأَغضاءِand lowered gazes
بِعَزائِمِ التَرنيق وَالأَغضاءِ
His eyelids steal away men's reason
with spells of half-closed and lowered eyes.
نَشوانintoxicated مِنfrom سُكرthe drunkenness of الصِبىyouth فَكَأَنَّماso it is as though
نَشوان مِن سُكر الصِبى فَكَأَنَّما
لَعبتplayed بِمعطفِهِupon his flank يَدthe hand of الصَهباءِtawny wine
لَعبت بِمعطفِهِ يَد الصَهباءِ
Intoxicated by the drunkenness of youth, as though
the hand of tawny wine had played upon his flank.
وَيَهزand sways لِمحthe flash of الطَرفa glance عاملthe spear-shaft of قَدهِhis stature
وَيَهز لِمح الطَرف عامل قَدهِ
هَزّthe swaying of النَسائِمِbreezes بانةُa ban-tree الجَرعاءِthe sandy ground
هَزّ النَسائِمِ بانةُ الجَرعاءِ
A flickering glance sways the spear-shaft of his stature,
as breezes sway a ban-tree on sandy ground.
خنثsupple المَفاصلin the joints مطمعenticing متمنعholding back
خنث المَفاصل مطمع متمنع
مُتناسبwell-proportioned الحَركاتin movements وَالأَعضاءِand limbs
مُتناسب الحَركات وَالأَعضاءِ
Supple-jointed, enticing yet withholding,
well-proportioned in movements and limbs.
أَعضاؤُهُhis limbs نَمَتgrew عَلىaccording to ماwhat اِستَودَعَتhad stored
أَعضاؤُهُ نَمَت عَلى ما اِستَودَعَت
أَوهامُهُhis imaginings مِنof رِقةdelicacy وَصَفاءِand purity
أَوهامُهُ مِن رِقة وَصَفاءِ
His limbs grew in keeping with what was stored
by his imaginings: delicacy and purity.
وَيَلوحand appear دَمعthe tears of العاشِقينlovers بِخَدِهِupon his cheek
وَيَلوح دَمع العاشِقين بِخَدِهِ
مُتَزاحِماًcrowding together أَبَداًalways لِطَرفbefore the eye of الرائيthe beholder
مُتَزاحِماً أَبَداً لِطَرف الرائي
And lovers' tears show upon his cheek,
forever crowding before the beholder's eye.
لَوif أَبصَرَتهُthey beheld him القاصِراتwomen restraining العينtheir gaze لافwould be enchanted (word begins)
لَو أَبصَرَتهُ القاصِرات العين لاف
تَتَنَتenchanted (word continues) بِسحرby the magic of المُقلةthe eye النَجلاءِwide
تَتَنَت بِسحر المُقلة النَجلاءِ
If women with downcast eyes beheld him, they would
be enchanted by the magic of his wide eye.
وَجُلوسَناand our sitting مِنfrom حَولaround بَركَتِهاits pool كَماjust as
وَجُلوسَنا مِن حَول بَركَتِها كَما
دارَencircled السوارthe bracelet بِمعصمaround the wrist of الحَسناءِthe beautiful woman
دارَ السوار بِمعصم الحَسناءِ
And our sitting around its pool, just as
a bracelet encircles a beautiful woman's wrist.
لَماwhen رَأىhe saw قَلَقيmy anxiety لِقُربat the nearness of رَقيبِهِhis watcher
لَما رَأى قَلَقي لِقُرب رَقيبِهِ
قَلقthe anxiety of العَليلthe sick man لِطَلعةat the approach of الظَلماءِdarkness
قَلق العَليل لِطَلعة الظَلماءِ
When he saw my anxiety at his watcher's nearness,
like a sick man's dread of approaching darkness,
وَرَأىand he saw لحاظيmy glances لاnot تَمُرُّpass بِوَجهِهِover his face
وَرَأى لحاظي لا تَمُرُّ بِوَجهِهِ
إِلّاexcept اِختِلاساًfurtively خشيةfor fear of الرَقباءِthe watchers
إِلّا اِختِلاساً خشية الرَقباءِ
and saw that my glances never crossed his face
except furtively, for fear of watchers,
وَتَنفَسand the breathing of الصَعداءِdeep sighs منيfrom me مشعراًrevealing
وَتَنفَس الصَعداءِ مني مشعراً
بِتَوَقُدthe burning of الأَشواقlongings فيin الأَحشاءِthe innards
بِتَوَقُد الأَشواق في الأَحشاءِ
and my deep sighing, revealing
the burning of longing within my breast,
وَرَأىand he saw سَوابقthe rushing onset of عبرَتيmy tears فَضاحةrevealing secrets
وَرَأى سَوابق عبرَتي فَضاحة
قَدalready قَربتhad brought سرّيmy secret إِلىto الإِفشاءdisclosure
قَد قَربت سرّي إِلى الإِفشاء
and saw my rushing tears, betraying me,
already bringing my secret close to disclosure,
أَومىhe signaled إِليَّto me بِطَرفِهِwith his eye إِيماءَةًa gesture
أَومى إِليَّ بِطَرفِهِ إِيماءَةً
خَفيتwas unnoticed لِرقتهاfor its subtlety عَنby النَدماءِthe drinking companions
خَفيت لِرقتها عَن النَدماءِ
he signaled to me with a glance,
so subtle that the drinking companions missed it:
إِنظُرlook إِلىat شَخصيmy figure بِهاin it متملياًgazing your fill
إِنظُر إِلى شَخصي بِها متملياً
إِنif كُنتَyou are تَخشىafraid of أَعيُنthe eyes of الجُلَساءِthose seated with us
إِن كُنتَ تَخشى أَعيُن الجُلَساءِ
“Gaze your fill upon my image in it,
if you fear the eyes of those seated with us.”
فَظَللتso I kept أَنظُرlooking at شَخصَهُhis figure فيin مائِهاits water
فَظَللت أَنظُر شَخصَهُ في مائِها
وَيخصنيand he favors me بِالأُنسwith companionship وَالسَرّاءِand joy
وَيخصني بِالأُنس وَالسَرّاءِ
So I kept looking at his image in its water,
while he singled me out for companionship and joy.
أَشكوI lament إِلَيهِto him ماwhat لَقيتI suffered وَيَشتَكيand he laments
أَشكو إِلَيهِ ما لَقيت وَيَشتَكي
ماwhat نالَهُbefell him بِالوَحيthrough secret hints وَالإِيماءِand gestures
ما نالَهُ بِالوَحي وَالإِيماءِ
I lamented to him what I had suffered, and he lamented
what had befallen him, through secret hints and gestures.
فَاِرتابَso grew suspicious مِنat نَظَرgazing الرَقيبthe watcher وَقالَand said ليto me
فَاِرتابَ مِن نَظَر الرَقيب وَقالَ لي
ماذاwhat تَرىdo you see فيin الماءِthe water ياO مَولائيmy lord
ماذا تَرى في الماءِ يا مَولائي
Then the watcher grew suspicious at my staring and said to me:
“What do you see in the water, my lord?
هِبgrant إِنthat أَطراقthe lowered gaze of الأَديبthe man of letters لَنُكتةfor a subtle thought
هِب إِن أَطراق الأَديب لَنُكتة
ماذاwhy البُكاءthe weeping وَلاتand this is no حينَtime for بُكاءِweeping
ماذا البُكاء وَلات حينَ بُكاءِ
Grant that a man of letters lowers his gaze for some subtle thought;
why the tears, when this is no time for weeping?”
فَأَجَبتُهُso I answered him أَنيthat I أَرىsee ياO سَيديmy master
فَأَجَبتُهُ أَني أَرى يا سَيدي
شَمسthe sun of النهارday غَريقةdrowned فيin الماءِthe water
شَمس النهار غَريقة في الماءِ
I answered him: “I see, my master,
the day's sun drowned in the water.
وَجَرَتand flowed لِتَحديقيbecause of my staring إِلَيهاat it أَدمُعيmy tears
وَجَرَت لِتَحديقي إِلَيها أَدمُعي
لاnot إِنthat جَرَتthey flowed لِصَبابةfrom yearning وَعَناءِand suffering
لا إِن جَرَت لِصَبابة وَعَناءِ
My tears flowed because I stared at it,
not because they flowed from longing and suffering.”
ياO رَبLord ماhas not زالَceased الرَقيبthe watcher يَسوءَنيdistresses me
يا رَب ما زالَ الرَقيب يَسوءَني
فاِرمso strike الرَقيبthe watcher بِعاجلwith swift الضَرّاءِaffliction
فاِرم الرَقيب بِعاجل الضَرّاءِ
O Lord, the watcher never ceases to distress me;
strike the watcher with swift affliction.
سَقياًblessing rain لِأَيامupon the days of الصَبابَةyearning وَالصِبىand youth
سَقياً لِأَيام الصَبابَة وَالصِبى
وَلِمَعهدand upon the haunt of الأَلافdear friends وَالخَلطاءِand companions
وَلِمَعهد الأَلاف وَالخَلطاءِ
May rain bless the days of longing and youth,
and the haunt of dear friends and companions.
ياO لَيتَwould that شعريmy knowledge ماwhat الَّذيthat which أَغرىincited الوىseparation (uncertain reading)
يا لَيتَ شعري ما الَّذي أَغرى الوى
تَعستmay it perish بَصَدعto sunder الشَملour union وَالاقصاءand banishment
تَعست بَصَدع الشَمل وَالاقصاء
Would that I knew what incited separation—
may it perish!—to sunder our union and keep us apart.
ياO رَبLord قَدindeed طالَhas grown long البُعادseparation فَلمso has not تَدَعleft
يا رَب قَد طالَ البُعاد فَلم تَدَع
مِنof مُهجَتيmy life's blood الأَشواقlongings غَيرexcept زَماءa last remnant of life
مِن مُهجَتي الأَشواق غَير زَماء
O Lord, separation has grown long; longing has left
of my life's blood only a last remnant.
وَأملَّand wearied سَقيmy sickness (uncertain reading) عَوَّديmy visitors إِذاwhen يَأستcaused despair (uncertain reading)
وَأملَّ سَقي عَوَّدي إِذا يَأست
منيof me الطَبيبthe physician وَطبهُand his treatment أَدوائيmy ailments
مني الطَبيب وَطبهُ أَدوائي
My sickness wearied my visitors, when
my ailments made the physician and his treatment despair of me.
وَلبستand I donned مِنamong حُللthe robes of السقامsickness مورّساًa yellow-dyed garment
وَلبست مِن حُلل السقام مورّساً
قَدalready رَقَّيتُهُembroidered it (uncertain reading) مُقلَتيmy eye بِدِماءِwith blood
قَد رَقَّيتُهُ مُقلَتي بِدِماءِ
I donned one of sickness's yellow-dyed robes,
already embroidered with blood by my eye.
وَقَسىand was cruel عَلىtoward ضُعفيmy weakness زَمانيmy times عِندَماwhen
وَقَسى عَلى ضُعفي زَماني عِندَما
لانَتsoftened لبثيat my grief قسوةthe cruelty of الأَعداءِenemies
لانَت لبثي قسوة الأَعداءِ
My times were cruel to my weakness, even when
my enemies' cruelty softened at my grief.
ياO رَبLord إِنif كانhas been الزَمانtime مُعانِديopposing me
يا رَب إِن كان الزَمان مُعانِدي
أَبَداًforever بِإِقصاءٍthrough banishment عَنfrom الخَلصاءِtrue friends
أَبَداً بِإِقصاءٍ عَن الخَلصاءِ
O Lord, if time is my adversary,
forever keeping me apart from true friends,
فائذنthen grant leave لِروحيto my soul بِالرواحto depart فَإِنَّماfor indeed
فائذن لِروحي بِالرواح فَإِنَّما
هِيَit مُهجَتيmy life's blood قَدalready آذنتhas announced بِفَناءِits extinction
هِيَ مُهجَتي قَد آذنت بِفَناءِ
then allow my soul to depart, for
my very life has already announced its end.
تَبّاًperdition لِدَهرto an age لَمhave not تَزَلceased أَحداثُهُits calamities
تَبّاً لِدَهر لَم تَزَل أَحداثُهُ
تَجنيcommit wrongs عَلىagainst الأَحرارthe noble وَالادباءِand men of letters
تَجني عَلى الأَحرار وَالادباءِ
Perdition to an age whose calamities never cease
to wrong the noble and men of letters.
دانَlived by اللئامthe base بسيرةa way of life مَذمومةblameworthy
دانَ اللئام بسيرة مَذمومة
وَبِصُحبةand by companionship زورfalse بِغَيرwithout وَفاءِloyalty
وَبِصُحبة زور بِغَير وَفاءِ
The base live by a blameworthy way of life,
and false companionship without loyalty.
أَحشاؤُهُمtheir innards مَحشوةstuffed بِضَغائنwith grudges
أَحشاؤُهُم مَحشوة بِضَغائن
وَضُلوعَهُمand their ribs تَطوىenfold عَلَيَagainst me الشَحناءِrancor
وَضُلوعَهُم تَطوى عَلَيَ الشَحناءِ
Their innards are stuffed with grudges,
and their ribs enclose rancor against me.
لَماwhen بَليتI was afflicted بِهُمwith them بَلَوتI tested خِلالَهُمtheir traits
لَما بَليت بِهُم بَلَوت خِلالَهُم
دَهراًfor an age فَحيرand bewildered لُؤمَهُمtheir baseness آرائيmy judgments
دَهراً فَحير لُؤمَهُم آرائي
When I was afflicted with them, I tested their traits
for an age, and their baseness bewildered my judgment.
وَرَأَيتُand I saw أَدناهُمthe lowest of them يَتيهُstrutting بِنَقصِهِin his deficiency
وَرَأَيتُ أَدناهُم يَتيهُ بِنَقصِهِ
لُؤماًin baseness فَتهتso I took pride بِعِزَتيin my dignity وَأَبائيand my defiance
لُؤماً فَتهت بِعِزَتي وَأَبائي
I saw the lowest of them strutting in his deficiency,
in baseness; so I took pride in my dignity and defiance.
جايتهمI shunned them (uncertain reading) وَأَناwhile I مُقيمdwelt بَينَهُمamong them
جايتهم وَأَنا مُقيم بَينَهُم
وَكَتَمتand concealed أَحزانيmy sorrows وَعظمand the enormity of بَلائيmy affliction
وَكَتَمت أَحزاني وَعظم بَلائي
I held aloof from them while dwelling among them,
and concealed my sorrows and the enormity of my affliction.
أَوor is it that كُلَماwhenever أَثرىgrew rich دَنيٌّa base man فيamong الوَرىmankind
أَو كُلَما أَثرى دَنيٌّ في الوَرى
دانَتbowed لَهُto him لُؤماًin baseness بَنوthe children of حَوّاءِEve
دانَت لَهُ لُؤماً بَنو حَوّاءِ
Is it that whenever a base man grows rich among mankind,
Eve's children bow to him in baseness?
أَيقَنتI became certain أَنthat ذَويpeople of المروَّةhonor كُلَهُمall of them
أَيقَنت أَن ذَوي المروَّة كُلَهُم
فيin غُربةexile فَبَكيتso I wept لِلغَرباءfor the estranged
في غُربة فَبَكيت لِلغَرباء
I became certain that all people of honor
are in exile, so I wept for the estranged.
وَرَأَيتand I saw أَياميmy days بَحرٍwith a noble man (uncertain reading) واحِدٍone
وَرَأَيت أَيامي بَحرٍ واحِدٍ
لَيسَتwere not تَجودgenerous فَحدتso I turned aside بِالحَوباءِwith my soul
لَيسَت تَجود فَحدت بِالحَوباءِ
I saw that my days, with even one noble man,
would not be generous; so I withdrew in spirit.
Sol 6.1