جاءتdid العاذلاتthe reproaching women شيئاًa thing فرياoutrageous
جاءت العاذلات شيئاً فريا
وظمئناand we thirsted إلىfor لقاكَmeeting you فريّاso, a quenching of thirst
وظمئنا إلى لقاكَ فريّا
The reproaching women have done an outrageous thing,
The reproachers came lightly
and we thirsted to meet you—so give us our fill.
And we thirsted to meet you quickly
ياO قريباًnear منto المحبِّthe lover بعيداًfar away
يا قريباً من المحبِّ بعيداً
وعذاباًand a torment إلىto المحبِّthe lover شهيّاdelightful
وعذاباً إلى المحبِّ شهيّا
O you who are near to the lover, yet far away,
O one near to the lover, yet far
and a torment sweet to the lover;
And a torment to the lover, yet delightful
وغزالاًand a gazelle لناظريهin his two eyes فتورٌlanguor
وغزالاً لناظريه فتورٌ
تركاthe two left القلبthe heart كالزنادlike firesticks وريّاkindled
تركا القلب كالزناد وريّا
and a gazelle whose two eyes are languid—
And a gazelle to its onlookers, yet languid
they left the heart kindled like firesticks.
Leaving the heart like tinder, ablaze
غلبwas overcome الصبرpatience فيin هوىlove of ناظريهhis two eyes
غلب الصبر في هوى ناظريه
وضعيفانand two weak ones يغلبانovercome قويّاa strong one
وضعيفان يغلبان قويّا
Patience was overcome by love of his eyes,
Patience was overcome by the passion of its glance
and two weak ones overcome a strong one.
And two weak ones overcome one strong
وعلىand upon وجنتيهhis two cheeks نارٌa fire أرانيI deem myself
وعلى وجنتيه نارٌ أراني
إنif تسلَّيتُI turned away عنfrom هواهاlove of it شقيّاwretched
إن تسلَّيتُ عن هواها شقيّا
On his cheeks is a fire; I deem myself,
And upon his cheeks a fire I saw
if I turn away from loving it, wretched.
If I distracted myself from his love, miserable
ياO خليليّmy two friends عندهاbeside it خلِّيانيleave me, you two
يا خليليّ عندها خلِّياني
أناI أولىmore entitled بوجنتيهto his two cheeks صليّاburning
أنا أولى بوجنتيه صليّا
O my two friends, leave me beside it;
O my intimate, leave me with him
I am the one most fit to burn at his cheeks.
For I am most deserving of his cheeks, pray
أناI أدريknow بأنَّthat ليI have منfrom سناهاits radiance
أنا أدري بأنَّ لي من سناها
فيon الجبينِthe brow طالعاًan ascendant قمريّاmoonlike
في الجبينِ طالعاً قمريّا
I know that from its radiance I have
I know that for me from his radiance
upon the brow a moonlike ascendant.
There is an auspicious moon on his forehead
لاnot أدريI know حينَwhen حلَّalighted عقربa scorpion صدغa temple-lock
لا أدري حينَ حلَّ عقرب صدغ
سفرthe journey of القلبthe heart فيin هواهاlove of it رديّاill-fated
سفر القلب في هواها رديّا
I cannot fathom, when a temple-lock's scorpion alighted,
I know not when the scorpion of his temple arrived
the heart's ill-starred journey in its love.
The heart's journey in his love backfires
بأبيmy father be his ransom غصنa branch معطفيهhis two flanks علىin القرnearness (opening fragment of القرب)
بأبي غصن معطفيه على القر
بِcompletes القرب ('nearness') وفيand in البعدِdistance جانياًplucking fruit وجنيّاand ripe for plucking
بِ وفي البعدِ جانياً وجنيّا
My father be ransom for the branch of his flanks, whether near
By my father, a branch pleating his cloak
or far, plucking fruit and ripe for plucking.
From afar it came, coveting and craving
ويتيمand a peerless pearl منfrom لؤلؤِthe pearls of الثغرthe mouth حلوٌsweet
ويتيم من لؤلؤِ الثغر حلوٌ
راحbecame فيover مثلهits like الرشيدal-Rashid (the rightly guided) غويّاastray
راح في مثله الرشيد غويّا
And a sweet, peerless pearl of the mouth—
An orphan from the pearl of his smile, sweet
over whose like al-Rashid went astray.
Traveling in its likeness, the right-minded go astray
ذوpossessor of ابْتسامٍa smile بالسهدِthrough sleeplessness أرمدَinflamed عينيmy eye
ذو ابْتسامٍ بالسهدِ أرمدَ عيني
معdespite أنِّيthe fact that I اكْتحلتهُI used it as kohl لؤلؤيّاpearly
مع أنِّي اكْتحلتهُ لؤلؤيّا
Possessor of a smile that inflamed my eye with sleeplessness,
With a smile that dazzles, he blinded my eyes
though I used it as pearly kohl.
Despite that I lined them with my pearl
تارةًsometimes فيamong بضائعِthe wares of الحسنِbeauty يأتيhe comes
تارةً في بضائعِ الحسنِ يأتي
جوهريًّاas a jeweler وتارةًand sometimes سكَّريّاas a sugar-seller
جوهريًّا وتارةً سكَّريّا
At times, among the wares of beauty, he comes
Sometimes in the wares of beauty he comes
as a jeweler, and at times as a sugar-seller.
Precious, and other times sugary
فتنةenchantment of الحسنbeauty فوقَupon خدَّيهhis two cheeks لاnever تبceases (opening fragment of تبرح)
فتنة الحسن فوقَ خدَّيه لا تب
رحcompletes تبرح ('ceases') قيسيّQaysi رأيهhis outlook يمنيّاYemeni
رح قيسيّ رأيه يمنيّا
Beauty's enchantment upon his cheeks never
The temptation of beauty above his cheeks does not depart
ceases—Qaysi in outlook, yet Yemeni.
It confused Qays’ perspective, right or left
أنظمI string together الشعرverse وهوwhile he يبسمsmiles عجباًin wonder
أنظم الشعر وهو يبسم عجباً
ولهذاand for this reason أتىcame بهwith it جوهريّاjewel-like
ولهذا أتى به جوهريّا
I string together verse while he smiles in wonder,
I compose poetry and he smiles in wonder
and so he brought it forth jewel-like:
And so he came with it, of precious things
عامريًّاAmiri منthrough التغزُّلlove-poetry فيهabout him
عامريًّا من التغزُّل فيه
ومنand through المدحِpraise بعدهafter it قرشيّاQurashi
ومن المدحِ بعده قرشيّا
Amiri through the love-poetry about him,
Flourishing in singing his praises
and Qurashi through the praise that follows.
And after praise, Qurashi
حبَّذاhow fine منfrom قريشQuraysh فيin الشامِSyria فرعa branch
حبَّذا من قريش في الشامِ فرع
أبطحيّAbtahi أكرمhow noble بهhe is بهنسيّاBahnasi
أبطحيّ أكرم به بهنسيّا
How fine a branch of Quraysh in Syria—
Blessed among Quraysh in Syria a branch
an Abtahi; how noble a Bahnasi he is!
Abu Taheeya, most generous of the Bahnasi
شمسa sun علياexalted عمَّتencompassed منافعهاits benefits الخcreation (opening fragment of الخلق)
شمس عليا عمَّت منافعها الخ
لقcompletes الخلق ('creation') قريباًnear منamong الورَىhumankind وقصيّاand far away
لق قريباً من الورَى وقصيّا
An exalted sun whose benefits encompass
The sun of the eminent, its benefits encompassed people
creation, those near and far among humankind.
Both near and far from the lands and distant
وكريمُand a generous man زاكيpure الأصولin roots هززناwe shook
وكريمُ زاكي الأصول هززنا
منهfrom him للمكرماتِfor noble deeds فرعاًa branch زكيّاthriving
منه للمكرماتِ فرعاً زكيّا
And a generous man of pure roots: we have shaken
And the generous, pure lineage, we were shaken
from him, for noble deeds, a thriving branch.
By him for favors, a branch most pure
فإذاand when ماever (emphatic) دعىcalled upon رسولa messenger of رجاءhope
فإذا ما دعى رسول رجاء
فضلthe bounty of أبوابهhis gates دعىcalled upon خزرجيّاa Khazraji
فضل أبوابه دعى خزرجيّا
Whenever a messenger of hope invokes
So if a messenger of hope calls
the bounty of his gates, he invokes a Khazraji.
The plenty of his doors calls a Khazraji
وإذاand when ماever (emphatic) سقىwatered نداهُhis dew-like generosity نباتيmy plants
وإذا ما سقى نداهُ نباتي
طابَbecame sweet مدحيmy praise فيin الحالتينboth cases رويّاwell-watered
طابَ مدحي في الحالتين رويّا
And whenever his generosity waters my plants,
And if his voice gives drink to my plants
my praise is sweet in both cases, well-watered.
My praise smells good in both states, well-watered
كمhow often سبرناwe tested لهُhis تقىًpiety ونوالاًand generosity
كم سبرنا لهُ تقىً ونوالاً
فوجدناand so we found فيin الحالتينِboth cases وليّاa devoted friend
فوجدنا في الحالتينِ وليّا
How often we tested his piety and generosity,
How we traversed for him piety and intimacy
and found in both a devoted friend.
And found in both states a guardian
كمhow much ثناءًacclaim والىgave in succession لعلياهto his eminence مدحاًpraise
كم ثناءً والى لعلياه مدحاً
حسناًbeautiful فيamong الورَىhumankind وقدراًand esteem عليّاlofty
حسناً في الورَى وقدراً عليّا
How much acclaim has lavished praise on his eminence—
How much praise and passion for his eminence in eulogy
beautiful among humankind—and lofty esteem.
Good among all people and a station most high
ومعانٍand virtues يحيىYahya لهاfor them فلقدfor indeed أوwas given (opening fragment of أوتي)
ومعانٍ يحيى لها فلقد أو
تيcompletes أوتي ('was given') حكمwisdom الفخارof glory فيهاin them صبيّاas a boy
تي حكم الفخار فيها صبيّا
And virtues for which he is a Yahya; for he was given
And insights that give life, and indeed
wisdom in those matters of glory while still a boy.
I was granted the judgment of pottery in them, childish
تالياًfollowing فيin العلىeminence وزيراًa minister شهدناwe saw
تالياً في العلى وزيراً شهدنا
هhim (suffix of شهدناه) لآمالناto our hopes وفيًّاfaithful حفيّاwarmly attentive
ه لآمالنا وفيًّا حفيّا
Following in eminence a minister whom we have seen
Ascending in the sublime, a minister we witnessed
faithful to our hopes and warmly attentive.
For our hopes, faithful, protecting
قالَsaid إحسانهُhis beneficence تهنُّواenjoy, you all نوالاًbounty
قالَ إحسانهُ تهنُّوا نوالاً
وزكاةand blessing منهfrom him وكانَand he was تقيّاdevout
وزكاة منه وكانَ تقيّا
His beneficence said, 'Enjoy bounty
His benevolence said: congratulate an intimacy
and blessing from him'; and he was devout.
And purification from him, for he was devout
حبَّذاhow fine تلوfollowing ذاكthat one شمساًa sun تلوناwe recited
حبَّذا تلو ذاك شمساً تلونا
مدحpraise of أيامهhis days جليلاًmajestic جليّاclear
مدح أيامه جليلاً جليّا
How fine, after that one, a sun! We recited
Blessed after that a sun followed us
praise of his days, majestic and clear.
Praising his days, great and splendid
خطبتهcourted him مناصبthe offices of الدِّينreligion والدنand worldly life (opening fragment of والدنيا)
خطبته مناصب الدِّين والدن
ياcompletes الدنيا ('worldly life') كماas قدmay نرىwe see فكانَand so he was الكفيّاthe worthy match
يا كما قد نرى فكانَ الكفيّا
The offices of religion and worldly life courted him,
His sermon the positions of religion and life
as we can see, and he proved their worthy match.
As we may see, thus he was sufficient
عنabout تفاريقthe varied manifestations of يمنهhis blessings فاسألthen ask الجاthe mosque (opening fragment of الجامع)
عن تفاريق يمنه فاسأل الجا
معcompletes الجامع ('mosque') تسئلyou will ask لسانa tongue of صدقtruth عليّاlofty
مع تسئل لسان صدق عليّا
About his manifold blessings, ask the
About his right hand’s separating, so ask the entirety
mosque—you will ask a lofty tongue of truth.
You ask, and the tongue of truth will say “Ali”
ياoh لهfor him (exclamatory) فيamong الورَىhumankind فتىًa youth قرشيًّاQurashi
يا له في الورَى فتىً قرشيًّا
عمَّfilled بالخيرِwith goodness جامعاًa mosque أمويّاUmayyad
عمَّ بالخيرِ جامعاً أمويّا
What a Qurashi youth he is among humankind,
O for him among the people a Qurashi lad
who filled the Umayyad Mosque with goodness!
Who has spread good, a unifier, Umayyad
ورئيساًand a chief نجاfound deliverance ذووpeople of القصدpetition لماwhen
ورئيساً نجا ذوو القصد لما
قرَّبتdrew close منهاto themselves الملوكthe kings نجيّاas a confidant
قرَّبت منها الملوك نجيّا
And a chief: petitioners found deliverance when
And a chief the people of purpose survived
the kings drew him close to themselves as a confidant.
For when the kings brought them near, rescued
ورأواand they found عزمهhis resolve لدينٍfor religion ودنياand worldly life
ورأوا عزمه لدينٍ ودنيا
شافياًhealing كافياًsufficient غنيًّاrich مليّاamply capable
شافياً كافياً غنيًّا مليّا
They found his resolve, for religion and worldly life,
And they saw his resolve for faith and life
healing, sufficient, rich, and amply capable.
Healing, fulfilling, wealthy, replenished
سائراتtraveling أقلامهhis pens يومon a day of حفظsafeguarding
سائرات أقلامه يوم حفظ
وعطاءًand giving علىalong الصراطِthe path سويّاupright
وعطاءً على الصراطِ سويّا
His pens travel, on a day of safeguarding
The caravans of his pens the day he memorized
and giving, upright along the path.
And gifting on the path made smooth
فترىso you see الحقّtruth كالصباحlike the morning رواءًfair to behold
فترى الحقّ كالصباح رواءً
وترىand you see الخيرgoodness كالغمامlike clouds رويّاrain-laden
وترى الخير كالغمام رويّا
So you see truth, like the morning, fair to behold,
You see the truth radiant like the dawn
and goodness, like the clouds, laden with rain.
And you see good like the clouds, well-watered
وترىand you see اليراعthe reed pen يجريrace بجودٍwith generosity
وترى اليراع يجري بجودٍ
وبيانand eloquence جوادهhis steed العربيّاArabian
وبيان جواده العربيّا
And you see the reed pen race with generosity
And you see generosity flowing with munificence
and eloquence—his Arabian steed.
And the eloquence of his Arab steed
صانَsafeguarded وجهيmy face عنfrom الورَىhumankind بأيادٍwith favors
صانَ وجهي عن الورَى بأيادٍ
وأيادٍand favors غيَّرنthey changed حاليmy state الزريّاwretched
وأيادٍ غيَّرن حالي الزريّا
With favors he spared my face shame before humankind,
He protected my face from the people with hands
and favors transformed my wretched state.
And hands that changed my lowly state, pitiful
فأناso I اليومtoday والزمانand Time بخيرwell through the goodness of
فأنا اليوم والزمان بخير
هاtheir (referring to the favors) كأنas though السعيدthe fortunate one كانَhad been شقيّاwretched
ها كأن السعيد كانَ شقيّا
So today, I and Time are well through
So today and time for me are good
their goodness, as though the fortunate man had once been wretched.
As if the happy one had been miserable
جنَّةa garden منof دمشقDamascus نرتعُwe feast at ease فيهاin it
جنَّة من دمشق نرتعُ فيها
ولناand for us الرزقsustenance بكرةًin the morning وعشيّاand in the evening
ولنا الرزق بكرةً وعشيّا
A garden of Damascus where we feast at ease,
A paradise from Damascus we enjoy
with sustenance for us morning and evening.
And for us provision morning and evening
ياO كريماًgenerous one يخفيconceals أياديهِhis favors لوif كاwere (opening fragment of كان)
يا كريماً يخفي أياديهِ لو كا
نَcompletes كان ('were') شذاthe fragrance of المسكmusk والصباحand the morning خفيّاhidden
نَ شذا المسك والصباح خفيّا
O generous man who would conceal his favors, if
O generous one who hides his hands, if only
musk's scent and morning could be concealed!
The chosen musk and dawn were hidden
أصلحrestored الباطنthe inward state افْتقادكyour care والظاand the outward (opening fragment of والظاهر)
أصلح الباطن افْتقادك والظا
هرcompletes الظاهر ('outward') إذwhen كنتI was جائعاًhungry وعريّاand naked
هر إذ كنت جائعاً وعريّا
Your care restored both my inward and my outward
Reforming the inward was your visit, and the outward
state, when I was hungry and naked.
When you were hungry and bare
فابْقَso remain ماas long as شئتyou wish كيفhowever شئتyou wish مرجىlooked to with hope
فابْقَ ما شئت كيف شئت مرجى
مستفاضabundantly drawn upon for النعمىblessings سنيًّاradiant سريّاnoble
مستفاض النعمى سنيًّا سريّا
So live as long as you wish, however you wish, a source of hope,
So remain however you wish, as you wish, hoped for
abundantly drawn upon for blessings, radiant and noble.
With overflowing blessings, fortunate, confidential
يلتقيكَmeets you الثناpraise ويزدادand grows طيباًfragrant
يلتقيكَ الثنا ويزداد طيباً
مثلماjust as يلتقيmeet الرياضthe gardens الوليّاthe follow-up rain
مثلما يلتقي الرياض الوليّا
Praise meets you and grows more fragrant,
Praise meets you and grows more beautiful
as gardens greet the rain that follows rain.
As the meadows meet the first rains
ودعاand prayed وجهكyour face السعيدblessed فماand so not كاwas (opening fragment of كان)
ودعا وجهك السعيد فما كا
نَcompletes كان ('was') حمىthe protected domain of مصرEgypt بالدعاءthrough prayer شقيّاill-fated
نَ حمى مصر بالدعاء شقيّا
Your blessed face prayed, and so
Your happy face prayed, it was not
Egypt's realm was not ill-fated in that prayer.
A protector of Egypt through prayer, miserable
أنتَyou بينamong الساداتthe lords كالذهبlike gold الخاpure (opening fragment of الخالص)
أنتَ بين السادات كالذهب الخا
لصcompletes الخالص ('pure') لاno غَرْوَwonder أنthat يرىit is seen مصريّاEgyptian
لص لا غَرْوَ أن يرى مصريّا
Among the lords, you are like pure
You between the nobles are like pure gold
gold—no wonder it appears Egyptian.
No wonder an Egyptian sees you
أنتَyou أولىthe worthiest مديرadministrator ومشيرand counselor
أنتَ أولى مدير ومشير
قرَّبتهdrew him close الملوكthe kings منهاto themselves نجيّاas a confidant
قرَّبته الملوك منها نجيّا
You are the worthiest administrator and counselor,
You are most deserving as controller and advisor
whom kings have drawn close to themselves as a confidant.
The kings brought you near, rescued
أنتَyou ترعىtend الأمورaffairs واللهand God يرعاtends (before the suffix ك)
أنتَ ترعى الأمور والله يرعا
كَyou (suffix of يرعاك) فلاso may you not زلتcease راعياًtending مرعيّاtended
كَ فلا زلت راعياً مرعيّا
You tend affairs, and God tends
You oversee affairs, and God looks after you
you; may you always tend and be tended.
So you remain both shepherd and flock
حبَّذاhow fine منكَin you للسيادةِfor leadership كفؤٌa worthy match
حبَّذا منكَ للسيادةِ كفؤٌ
وافرabundant الفضلin merit والثناءand praise وفيّاfaithful
وافر الفضل والثناء وفيّا
How fine in you is one fit for leadership,
Blessed from you for leadership is one worthy
rich in merit and praise, and faithful.
Abundant in merit, praise, and loyalty
عرفrecognized الملكthe king منهin him أصلاًa root عريقاًancient
عرف الملك منه أصلاً عريقاً
بينamong أوطانهhis homelands وفرعاًand a branch عليّاlofty
بين أوطانه وفرعاً عليّا
The king recognized in him an ancient root
The king recognized in him ancient lineage
in his native lands, and a lofty branch.
Between his homelands, and a branch most high
وحوىand gained منfrom علاهhis eminence كوكبa star of رأيٍcounsel
وحوى من علاه كوكب رأيٍ
طالعrising السعدin good fortune بكرةًin the morning وعشيّاand in the evening
طالع السعد بكرةً وعشيّا
And from his eminence he gained a star of counsel,
And drew from his summit a star of insight
whose rising is auspicious morning and evening.
Rising in fortune morning and evening
ناظراًan overseer ساهراًwatchful علىover الملكkingship يدريwho knows
ناظراً ساهراً على الملك يدري
كيفhow يهديto bring as a gift لهto him المرامthe desired aim الخفيّاhidden
كيف يهدي له المرام الخفيّا
An overseer, watchful over kingship, who knows
Observing, wakeful over the kingdom, he knows
how to bring him his unspoken wish.
How to guide its hidden desires for him
إنif أردناwe seek التقىpiety لديهfrom him أوor الجوgenerosity (opening fragment of الجود)
إن أردنا التقى لديه أو الجو
دcompletes الجود ('generosity') وجدناwe find فيin الحالتينِboth cases وليّاa devoted friend
د وجدنا في الحالتينِ وليّا
If we seek piety from him, or
If we want piety from him or generosity
generosity, we find in both cases a devoted friend.
We find in both states a guardian
باهرdazzling المطلعينthe two risings رأياًin judgment ومرأًىand appearance
باهر المطلعين رأياً ومرأًى
حبَّذاhow fine الفضلmerit لامعاًradiant ألمعيّاkeenly perceptive
حبَّذا الفضل لامعاً ألمعيّا
Dazzling in both his risings, in judgment and appearance—
Dazzling the beholders in insight and perspective
how fine is merit, radiant and perceptive!
Blessed, splendid merit, most splendid
حاملاًcarrying فيin مواطنِthe arenas of السلمpeace والحرand war (opening fragment of والحرب)
حاملاً في مواطنِ السلم والحر
بcompletes الحرب ('war') يراعاًa reed pen يردِيstrikes down الزمانTime الردِيّاwicked
ب يراعاً يردِي الزمان الردِيّا
Carrying, in the arenas of peace and war,
Bearing in the arenas of peace and war a shepherd
a reed pen that strikes down wicked Time,
Who makes the devious time upright
قلماًa pen جائلاًranging إذاwhenever خطَّwrites حرفاًa letter
قلماً جائلاً إذا خطَّ حرفاً
حمدَpraised الناسُthe people رمحهhis spear الخطّيّاKhatti (of al-Khatt)
حمدَ الناسُ رمحه الخطّيّا
a ranging pen: whenever it writes a letter,
A sweeping pen, if it traces a letter
people praise his Khatti spear.
The people praise his calligrapher’s pen
يانعripe الغصنin branch كلَّماwhenever هزَّهhe shakes it أسlets fall (opening fragment of أسقط)
يانع الغصن كلَّما هزَّه أس
قطَcompletes أسقط ('lets fall') مالthe wealth of البلادthe lands منهfrom it جنيّاripe for plucking
قطَ مال البلاد منه جنيّا
Ripe of branch, whenever he shakes it, he lets fall
Budding branch, whenever it is shaken
the wealth of the lands from it, ripe for plucking.
The country’s wealth falls from it, harvested
ياO رئيساًchief دعاsummoned الزمانTime لهُfor him الوفthe delegation (opening fragment of الوفد)
يا رئيساً دعا الزمان لهُ الوف
دcompletes الوفد ('delegation') وقالand said الرجاءHope حثُّواurge on, you all المطيّاthe mounts
د وقال الرجاء حثُّوا المطيّا
O chief for whom Time summoned the
O chief, time called for him loyalty
delegation, and Hope said, 'Spur on the mounts!'
And hope said: spur on the steed!
دامَmay remain للقاصدينfor those seeking you شخصكَyour person غوثاًa succor
دامَ للقاصدين شخصكَ غوثاً
وغماماًand a cloud للواردينfor those coming to water رويّاrain-laden
وغماماً للواردين رويّا
May your person remain a succor to those who seek you,
For seekers your person remains succor
and a rain-laden cloud for those who come to drink.
And a cloud for visitors, well-watered
قالَsaid إحسانهُhis beneficence تهنُّواenjoy, you all نوالاًbounty
قالَ إحسانهُ تهنُّوا نوالاً
وزكاةًand blessing منهfrom him وكانَand he was تقيّاdevout
وزكاةً منه وكانَ تقيّا
His beneficence said, 'Enjoy bounty
His benevolence said: congratulate an intimacy
and blessing from him'; and he was devout.
And purification from him, for he was devout
Sol 6.1