إِنْif بَكَىweeps الشَّرْقُthe East فَالمُصَابُthen the calamity أَلِيمُis painful
إِنْ بَكَى الشَّرْقُ فَالمُصَابُ أَلِيمُ
وَقَلِيلٌand rare فِيهِin it الأَدِيبُthe man of letters العَلِيمُthe learned
وَقَلِيلٌ فِيهِ الأَدِيبُ العَلِيمُ
If the East weeps, the calamity is painful;
and within it, the learned man of letters is rare.
أُمَّةٌa nation لاnot يَعِيشُlives مِثْلُكَone like you فِيهَاin it
أُمَّةٌ لا يَعِيشُ مِثْلُكَ فِيهَا
كَيْفَhow حَالٌa condition كَحَالِهَاlike its condition تَسْتَقِيمُbecomes sound
كَيْفَ حَالٌ كَحَالِهَا تَسْتَقِيمُ
A nation where one like you does not live—
how can a condition like hers be sound?
يَاO غَريباًexile إلىfor العَرَارِthe 'arar flower مَشُوقاًyearning
يَا غَريباً إلى العَرَارِ مَشُوقاً
أَيْنَwhere دُونَapart from العَرارِthe 'arar flower مِنْكَfor you الشَّمِيمُthe fragrance
أَيْنَ دُونَ العَرارِ مِنْكَ الشَّمِيمُ
O exile, yearning for the 'arar flower,
what fragrance reaches you without the 'arar?
أَنْتَyou فِيin جَنَّةٍa paradise وَأَشْهَىand more desirable إِلَىto نَفْyour soul (first part)
أَنْتَ فِي جَنَّةٍ وَأَشْهَى إِلَى نَفْ
سِكَyour soul (last part) شِيحُwormwood الْوَادِof the valley وَالقَيْصُومُand desert yarrow
سِكَ شِيحُ الْوَادِ وَالقَيْصُومُ
You are in a paradise, yet dearer to your soul
are the valley's wormwood and desert yarrow.
لُذْتَyou sought refuge بِالعَالَمِin the world الجَدِيدِthe new وَإنْand although شَwas distant (first part)
لُذْتَ بِالعَالَمِ الجَدِيدِ وَإنْ شَ
طَّwas distant (last part) وَمَاand not كَانَwas طَائِلاًof great consequence مَاwhat تَرُومُyou seek
طَّ وَمَا كَانَ طَائِلاً مَا تَرُومُ
You sought refuge in the New World, though far
away; what you sought was no great thing.
فَبِعَيْنَيْكَso in your eyes زِينَةٌbeauty الحُورِof the fair women وَالدُّوand the dwellings (first part)
فَبِعَيْنَيْكَ زِينَةٌ الحُورِ وَالدُّو
رِthe dwellings (last part) وَفِيand in قَلْبِكَyour heart الْمَهَاthe gazelles وَالصَّرِيمُand the dunes
رِ وَفِي قَلْبِكَ الْمَهَا وَالصَّرِيمُ
Your eyes hold the beauty of fair women and dwellings,
but your heart holds the gazelles and the dunes.
هِجْرَةٌa migration بَعْدَafter أُخْرَىanother بعدafter أُخْرىanother
هِجْرَةٌ بَعْدَ أُخْرَى بعد أُخْرى
وَهُمُومٌand cares فِيin إِثْرِهِنَّtheir wake هُمُومُcares
وَهُمُومٌ فِي إِثْرِهِنَّ هُمُومُ
One migration after another, then another,
and cares, with cares following in their wake.
وَاليَسِيرُand the little الذِيthat تَصِيدُyou hunt عَسِيرٌis hard
وَاليَسِيرُ الذِي تَصِيدُ عَسِيرٌ
وَالضَّئِيلُand the trifle الَّذِيthat تُريدُyou want جَسِيمُis immense
وَالضَّئِيلُ الَّذِي تُريدُ جَسِيمُ
And the little you seek is hard to win,
and the trifle you desire is immense.
أَخْمَدَextinguished المَوْتَdeath ذَلِكَthat العَزْمَresolve فِيin
أَخْمَدَ المَوْتَ ذَلِكَ العَزْمَ فِي
نَدْبٍa gallant man عَلَىunder الضَّيْمِoppression سَاعَةًan hour لاnot يُقِيمُstays
نَدْبٍ عَلَى الضَّيْمِ سَاعَةً لا يُقِيمُ
Death extinguished that resolve in
a gallant man who would not abide oppression for an hour.
أَيُّwhat شَأْنٍa state مَاthat which نَحْنُwe فِيهِin it
أَيُّ شَأْنٍ مَا نَحْنُ فِيهِ
شَأْنُthe state قَوْمٍof a people بِعَالِمٍfor a scholar لَمْdid not يَقُومُواprovide support
شَأْنُ قَوْمٍ بِعَالِمٍ لَمْ يَقُومُوا
What a state we find ourselves in—
the state of a people who failed to support a scholar!
كُلَّevery يَوْمٍday يُهْدِيhe gives إِلَيْهِمْto them نَعِيماًbliss
كُلَّ يَوْمٍ يُهْدِي إِلَيْهِمْ نَعِيماً
وَلَهُand for him البُؤْسُmisery بَيْنَهُمُamong them وَالجَحِيمُand hell
وَلَهُ البُؤْسُ بَيْنَهُمُ وَالجَحِيمُ
Each day he offers them bliss,
while his lot among them is misery and hell.
أَفَذَاكَthen, is that التَّفْرِيطُneglect يُجْزِئُsuffices مِنْهُin compensation for it
أَفَذَاكَ التَّفْرِيطُ يُجْزِئُ مِنْهُ
أَنْthat تُعَادَbe returned العِظَامُthe bones وَهْيَwhile they are رَمِيمُcrumbled remains
أَنْ تُعَادَ العِظَامُ وَهْيَ رَمِيمُ
Can that neglect be made good
by returning bones already crumbled to dust?
إِنْif تُكَرَّمْyou are honored بَعْدَafter الْوَفَاةِdeath فَهَلاَّthen why not
إِنْ تُكَرَّمْ بَعْدَ الْوَفَاةِ فَهَلاَّ
قَبْلَهَاbefore it كَانَwas ذَلِكَthat التَّكْرِيمُhonoring
قَبْلَهَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ التَّكْرِيمُ
If you are honored after death, why was
that honor not bestowed before it?
يَاO لَقَوْمِيfor my people هَلْdid خِلْتُمُyou think الشَّرْقَthe East عَفْواًby chance
يَا لَقَوْمِي هَلْ خِلْتُمُ الشَّرْقَ عَفْواً
قَدْhas دَهَاهُstruck it التَّشْتِيتُdispersal وَالتَّقْسِيمُand division
قَدْ دَهَاهُ التَّشْتِيتُ وَالتَّقْسِيمُ
O my people, did you think it was by chance that the East
was stricken by dispersal and division?
إِنْif تَبِيحُواyou leave unprotected خِيَارَكُمْyour finest people أَبَدَthroughout الدَّهْرِall time
إِنْ تَبِيحُوا خِيَارَكُمْ أَبَدَ الدَّهْرِ
فَهَلْthen is مُعْتَدٍan aggressor عَلَيْكُمْagainst you غَشُومُbrutally unjust
فَهَلْ مُعْتَدٍ عَلَيْكُمْ غَشُومُ
If you leave your finest unprotected for all time,
is any aggressor against you then unjust?
إِنماonly نَحْنُwe هَذَاthis لاno مَلامٌblame
إِنما نَحْنُ هَذَا لا مَلامٌ
وَصَريحُand genuine العِرْفَانِknowledge فِيناamong us المُلِيمُthe culpable one
وَصَريحُ العِرْفَانِ فِينا المُلِيمُ
This is simply what we are—no blame!
Among us, the truly learned man is the one at fault.
وَأَخُوand one possessed اللُّبِّof intellect ظَالِمٌwrongs نَفْسَهُhimself فِيamong us (first part)
وَأَخُو اللُّبِّ ظَالِمٌ نَفْسَهُ فِي
ناamong us (last part) وَإِنْand even if خَالَhe thinks أَنَّهُthat he مَظْلُومُis wronged
نا وَإِنْ خَالَ أَنَّهُ مَظْلُومُ
The man of intellect wrongs himself among
us, even if he thinks himself wronged.
مَاwhat الَّذِيis it that سَلَّطَimposed الجُمُودَstagnation عَلَيْنَاupon us
مَا الَّذِي سَلَّطَ الجُمُودَ عَلَيْنَا
أَتُرَاهُdo you suppose it is الهَوَاءُthe air وَالإقِلِيمُand the climate
أَتُرَاهُ الهَوَاءُ وَالإقِلِيمُ
What has imposed stagnation upon us?
Do you suppose it is the air and climate?
فَعَلامَthen why الفَنُونُthe arts كَانَتْwere إذْنَthen مِfrom us (first part)
فَعَلامَ الفَنُونُ كَانَتْ إذْنَ مِ
نَّاfrom us (last part) وَكَانَتْand were مِنَّاfrom us كَذَاكَlikewise العُلُومُthe sciences
نَّا وَكَانَتْ مِنَّا كَذَاكَ العُلُومُ
Why, then, did the arts once spring from
us, and the sciences likewise?
وَبِأَيِّand by what الأسْبَابِcauses بُدِّلَتْwas changed الحَاthe condition (first part)
وَبِأَيِّ الأسْبَابِ بُدِّلَتْ الحَا
لُthe condition (last part) فَعَكْسُso the opposite الحَدِيثِof the present ذَاكَthat القَدِيمُthe past
لُ فَعَكْسُ الحَدِيثِ ذَاكَ القَدِيمُ
And what causes changed the state of
affairs, so that the past is the reverse of the present?
وَيْحُalas for أَهْلِthe people التَّثْقِيفِof education مِنْbecause of بِيئةٍa society
وَيْحُ أَهْلِ التَّثْقِيفِ مِنْ بِيئةٍ
لِلْمَالِto wealth فِيهَاin it غَيْرِهِanything other than it التَّعْظِيمُreverence
لِلْمَالِ فِيهَا غَيْرِهِ التَّعْظِيمُ
Alas for those who foster learning in a society
where wealth, not anything else, receives reverence.
فَإِذَاthen if أَيْسَرُواthey become wealthy أَصَابُواthey receive تَجَلاَّhonors (first part)
فَإِذَا أَيْسَرُوا أَصَابُوا تَجَلاَّ
تٍhonors (last part) وَإِلاَّand otherwise رُمُواthey are accused بِخَبْلٍof madness وَلِيمُواand blamed
تٍ وَإِلاَّ رُمُوا بِخَبْلٍ وَلِيمُوا
If they grow rich, they receive marks of
reverence; otherwise they are called mad and reproached.
بَاعَلَBaal of الحِرْصِgreed لاmay not عَدِمْتَyou lack القَرَابِيthe offerings (first part)
بَاعَلَ الحِرْصِ لا عَدِمْتَ القَرَابِي
نَthe offerings (last part) وَلاand may not فَاتَpass by شَعْبَكَyour people التّقْدِيمُthe making of offerings
نَ وَلا فَاتَ شَعْبَكَ التّقْدِيمُ
Baal of greed, may you never lack sacrificial
offerings, nor may your people cease presenting them!
فِيin بِلادٍlands كَمَاas تُحِبُّyou like تَرَاهَاyou see them
فِي بِلادٍ كَمَا تُحِبُّ تَرَاهَا
بَاقِيَاتٍremaining وَحَيْثُand wherever شِئْتَyou will تَريمُthey move
بَاقِيَاتٍ وَحَيْثُ شِئْتَ تَريمُ
In lands you see, as you desire,
enduring, and moving wherever you wish.
جَهْلُهَاtheir ignorance فِيهِin it شِبْهُa semblance نُورٍof light وَخَيْرٌand better
جَهْلُهَا فِيهِ شِبْهُ نُورٍ وَخَيْرٌ
مِنْهُthan it لَوْif أَنَّهُit were ظَلامٌdarkness بَهِيمُpitch-black
مِنْهُ لَوْ أَنَّهُ ظَلامٌ بَهِيمُ
Their ignorance has a semblance of light; better
were it pitch-black darkness.
خَادِمُthe servant العِلْمِof learning عَادِمُlacking الحَظِّgood fortune فِيهَاin them
خَادِمُ العِلْمِ عَادِمُ الحَظِّ فِيهَا
وَعَزِيزٌand rare أَنْthat يَشْكُرَgives thanks المَخْدُومُthe one served
وَعَزِيزٌ أَنْ يَشْكُرَ المَخْدُومُ
In them, the servant of learning has no good fortune,
and rarely does the one he serves give thanks.
يَغْنَمُreap profit القَوْمَthe people مِنْfrom جَنَىthe harvest عَقْلِهِof his mind مَاwhatever
يَغْنَمُ القَوْمَ مِنْ جَنَى عَقْلِهِ مَا
أَدْرَكُواthey obtain غَانِمِينَprofiting وَهْوَwhile he الغَرِيمُis the debtor
أَدْرَكُوا غَانِمِينَ وَهْوَ الغَرِيمُ
The people reap from his mind's harvest whatever
they can, profiting while he bears the debt.
أَتَرَىdo you see هَذِهِthis الوَلِيمَةَbanquet وَالغَرْand the hungry (first part)
أَتَرَى هَذِهِ الوَلِيمَةَ وَالغَرْ
ثَىthe hungry (last part) عُكُوفٌgathered around وَمِنْهُمُand among them مَنْone who يَحُومُcircles
ثَى عُكُوفٌ وَمِنْهُمُ مَنْ يَحُومُ
Do you see this banquet, with the hungry
gathered about it, and some of them circling?
مَاwhat are الثِّمَارُthe fruits الَّتِيthat تُدَارُare passed around تَبَارِيtorments (first part)
مَا الثِّمَارُ الَّتِي تُدَارُ تَبَارِي
حُtorments (last part) قُلُوبٍof hearts وَمَاand what are اللُّحُومُthe meats حُلُومُminds
حُ قُلُوبٍ وَمَا اللُّحُومُ حُلُومُ
What are the fruits passed round? The torments
of hearts. And the meats? Minds.
مَاwhat are الأَوَانِيthe vessels مَصَاحِفُbound books مَاwhat is الحُمَيَّاthe wine
مَا الأَوَانِي مَصَاحِفُ مَا الحُمَيَّا
أَدْمُعُtears مَاwhat are وَرْدُroses العَمَارِof festive adornment كُلُومُwounds
أَدْمُعُ مَا وَرْدُ العَمَارِ كُلُومُ
What are the vessels? Bound books. What is the wine?
Tears. What are the festive roses? Wounds.
بَاعَلَBaal of الحِرْصِgreed إِنَّindeed ظِلَّكَyour shadow ماas long as دَاlasts (first part)
بَاعَلَ الحِرْصِ إِنَّ ظِلَّكَ ما دَا
مَlasts (last part) فَهَذَاthen this الشَّقَاءُmisery فِينَاamong us يَدُومُlasts
مَ فَهَذَا الشَّقَاءُ فِينَا يَدُومُ
Baal of greed, as long as your shadow
endures, this misery among us will endure.
أَيْO سُلَيْمَانُSulayman أَيْنَwhere مِنَّاamong us سُلَيْمَSulayman (first part)
أَيْ سُلَيْمَانُ أَيْنَ مِنَّا سُلَيْمَ
انُSulayman (last part) وَأَيْنَand where المَنْطُوقُthe spoken word وَالمَفْهُومُand the understood meaning
انُ وَأَيْنَ المَنْطُوقُ وَالمَفْهُومُ
O Sulayman, where among us is Sulayman,
and where are the spoken word and its meaning?
أَيْنَwhere مَنْis he who خِيلَit was thought أَنَّهُthat he خَلَّدَتْهُimmortalized him
أَيْنَ مَنْ خِيلَ أَنَّهُ خَلَّدَتْهُ
دَوْلَتَاهُhis two realms المَنْثُورُprose وَالمَنْظُومُand verse
دَوْلَتَاهُ المَنْثُورُ وَالمَنْظُومُ
Where is he whom we thought immortalized
by his two realms, prose and verse?
أَيْنَwhere وَاعِيone versed in اللُّغَاتِlanguages مُخْتَلِفَاتٍdiverse
أَيْنَ وَاعِي اللُّغَاتِ مُخْتَلِفَاتٍ
لَمْdid not يَفُتْهُescape him مِنْهَاof them اللُّبَابُthe essence الصَّمِيمُthe innermost
لَمْ يَفُتْهُ مِنْهَا اللُّبَابُ الصَّمِيمُ
Where is the master of diverse languages,
who missed nothing of their innermost essence?
أَيwhat a بَحَّاثَةٍresearcher أَرِيبٍastute أَدِيبٍcultivated
أَي بَحَّاثَةٍ أَرِيبٍ أَدِيبٍ
بَانَdeparted عَنَّاfrom us وَحَقُّهُand his due مَهْضُومُwas denied
بَانَ عَنَّا وَحَقُّهُ مَهْضُومُ
What an astute, cultivated researcher
has left us, his due denied!
إِنْif يقُمْhe stands نَاصِحاًoffering counsel فَنِعْمَthen excellent is المُرَبِّيthe educator
إِنْ يقُمْ نَاصِحاً فَنِعْمَ المُرَبِّي
أَوْor يَقُلْhe speaks مَازِحاًin jest فَنِعْمَthen excellent is النَّدِيمُthe companion
أَوْ يَقُلْ مَازِحاً فَنِعْمَ النَّدِيمُ
If he stood to counsel, what an excellent teacher;
if he spoke in jest, what an excellent companion!
قَلَّfew are فِيamong النَّاسِpeople مَنْthose who لَهُhe has فَضْلُهُhis merit الجَabundant (first part)
قَلَّ فِي النَّاسِ مَنْ لَهُ فَضْلُهُ الجَ
مُّabundant (last part) وَتِلْكَand that النُّهَىwisdom وَذَاكَand that الخِيمُcharacter
مُّ وَتِلْكَ النُّهَى وَذَاكَ الخِيمُ
Few among people possess his abundant
merit, that wisdom, and that character.
خُلُقٌa character ثَابِتٌsteadfast وَلَفْظٌand speech رَقِيقٌtender
خُلُقٌ ثَابِتٌ وَلَفْظٌ رَقِيقٌ
وَفُؤَادًand a heart طَودٌa mountain وَطَبْعٌand a nature نَسِيمُa breeze
وَفُؤَادً طَودٌ وَطَبْعٌ نَسِيمُ
A steadfast character and tender speech,
a heart like a mountain and a nature like a breeze.
أَرْيَحِيٌّopenhanded يُصِيبُreceives قِسْطاًa share كَبِيراًlarge
أَرْيَحِيٌّ يُصِيبُ قِسْطاً كَبِيراً
مِنْof نَدَاهُhis bounty الحَرِيبُthe dispossessed وَالمَحْرُومُand the deprived
مِنْ نَدَاهُ الحَرِيبُ وَالمَحْرُومُ
A generous soul—a great share
of his bounty falls to the dispossessed and deprived.
لَمْdid not يُقَارِفْcommit فِعْلاًa deed يَشِينُthat disgraces وَلَمْand did not
لَمْ يُقَارِفْ فِعْلاً يَشِينُ وَلَمْ
يَأْتِundertake مِنَof الأَمْرِaction مَاwhat يَعَافُabhors الحَكِيمُthe wise man
يَأْتِ مِنَ الأَمْرِ مَا يَعَافُ الحَكِيمُ
He never committed a shameful deed, nor
did anything a wise man would abhor.
كُلُّevery عَقْدٍknot وَإِنْand even if تَعَايَىproved intractable عَلَىto الحَuntying (first part)
كُلُّ عَقْدٍ وَإِنْ تَعَايَى عَلَى الحَ
لِّuntying (last part) بِهِfor it رَأْيُهُhis judgment الحَصِيفُdiscerning زَعِيمُa guarantor
لِّ بِهِ رَأْيُهُ الحَصِيفُ زَعِيمُ
Every knot, however stubbornly it resisted
untying, his discerning judgment could resolve.
ذِهْنُهُhis mind ثَاقِبٌpiercing لهit has بَصَرُthe sight النَّجْof the star (first part)
ذِهْنُهُ ثَاقِبٌ له بَصَرُ النَّجْ
مِof the star (last part) مِنَfrom الأَوْجِthe zenith وَالشُّعَاعُand the ray القَويِمُstraight
مِ مِنَ الأَوْجِ وَالشُّعَاعُ القَويِمُ
His mind was piercing, with the vision of a star
from the zenith, and its straight ray.
فَإِذَاthen when حَالَتِstood in the way الأُمورُcircumstances فَقَدْthen indeed كَheld back (first part)
فَإِذَا حَالَتِ الأُمورُ فَقَدْ كَ
فَّheld back (last part) وَلَمْand did not يَشْكُcomplain وَالنَّبِيلُand the noble man كَظِيمُrestraining grief
فَّ وَلَمْ يَشْكُ وَالنَّبِيلُ كَظِيمُ
Whenever circumstances stood in his way, he would hold
back without complaint; the noble man contains his grief.
أَيْO سُلَيْمَانُSulayman إِنَّنِيindeed I لأَسِيفٌtruly sorrowful
أَيْ سُلَيْمَانُ إِنَّنِي لأَسِيفٌ
أَنْthat يُقَالَbe said الفَقِيدُthe departed وَالمَرْحُومُand the one granted mercy
أَنْ يُقَالَ الفَقِيدُ وَالمَرْحُومُ
O Sulayman, I am grieved indeed
that you should be called 'the departed' and 'the one granted mercy.'
سِرْgo حَمِيداًpraised إِلَىto الخُلُودِimmortality وَأَلْقِand cast off العِthe burden (first part)
سِرْ حَمِيداً إِلَى الخُلُودِ وَأَلْقِ العِ
بْءَthe burden (last part) إِنَّindeed الحَيَاةَlife عِبْءٌa burden ذَمِيمُhateful
بْءَ إِنَّ الحَيَاةَ عِبْءٌ ذَمِيمُ
Go, praised, into eternity, and cast off the
burden: life is indeed a hateful burden.
هَكَذَاthus وَالمُحِيطُwhile the surroundings غَيْرُnot عَظِيمٍgreat
هَكَذَا وَالمُحِيطُ غَيْرُ عَظِيمٍ
يَفْقِدُloses الحِيلَةَresourcefulness الذَّكِيُّthe intelligent man العَظِيمُgreat
يَفْقِدُ الحِيلَةَ الذَّكِيُّ العَظِيمُ
Thus, when one's surroundings lack greatness,
the great, intelligent man finds himself helpless.
فَكِبَارُso the great الأَحْلامِdreams تَغْرَقُdrown فِيهِin it
فَكِبَارُ الأَحْلامِ تَغْرَقُ فِيهِ
وَصِغَارُand the small الأَحْلامِdreams فِيهِin it تَعُومُfloat
وَصِغَارُ الأَحْلامِ فِيهِ تَعُومُ
For great dreams drown there,
while little dreams float.
وَلَئِنْand if indeed قَامَthere exists لِلْفَخَارِfor glory وَرَاءَbeyond المَdeath (first part)
وَلَئِنْ قَامَ لِلْفَخَارِ وَرَاءَ المَ
وْتِdeath (last part) وَزْنٌa measure يَجْرِيproceeds بِهِby it التَّقْوِيمُevaluation
وْتِ وَزْنٌ يَجْرِي بِهِ التَّقْوِيمُ
And if glory has, beyond
death, a measure by which worth is judged,
لَيزُولَنَّwill surely vanish كُلُّeveryone مَنْwho ظَنَّthought بِالمَالِthrough wealth
لَيزُولَنَّ كُلُّ مَنْ ظَنَّ بِالمَالِ
خُلُوداًimmortality وَأَنْتَwhile you حَيٌّare alive مُقِيمُabiding
خُلُوداً وَأَنْتَ حَيٌّ مُقِيمُ
surely all who imagined wealth could grant them
immortality will vanish, while you live on.
يَاO مُعَزِّينَthose offering condolences فِيfor سُلَيْمَانَSulayman صَبْراًpatience
يَا مُعَزِّينَ فِي سُلَيْمَانَ صَبْراً
وَلَنَاand for us فِيكُمُin you عَزَاءٌconsolation كَرِيمُnoble
وَلَنَا فِيكُمُ عَزَاءٌ كَرِيمُ
O you who offer condolences for Sulayman, be patient;
and in you we find noble consolation.
ذَلِكُمْthat (addressing you all) أَنَّbecause فِيin سَمَاءِthe heaven عُلاكُمْof your eminence
ذَلِكُمْ أَنَّ فِي سَمَاءِ عُلاكُمْ
كُلَّevery شَمسٍsun تَخْبُوdims تَلِيهاfollow it نُجُومُstars
كُلَّ شَمسٍ تَخْبُو تَلِيها نُجُومُ
For in the heaven of your eminence,
every sun that dims is followed by stars.
Translation model: Sol 6.1