اللَفظthe expression إِنif أريدَis intended مِنهُfrom it الظاهِرُthe apparent sense
اللَفظ إِن أريدَ مِنهُ الظاهِرُ
حَقيقةliteral usage مجازُهits figurative use مغايرdifferent
حَقيقة مجازُه مغاير
An expression, if its apparent sense is intended,
If I want the apparent meaning from a word
is literal; its figurative use is different.
Its metaphorical meaning is different
لاno بُدّescape مِنfrom عَلاقةٍa relationship تَكونexists
لا بُدّ مِن عَلاقةٍ تَكون
بَينَهماbetween them تقربis close أَوor تَبينis distant
بَينَهما تقرب أَو تَبين
There must be a relationship
There must be a relationship that is
between them, whether close or distant.
Between them, bringing together or separating
مثالُهits example مقالthe saying of بعضone of العُربانthe Bedouins
مثالُه مقال بعض العُربان
صارَhas become الثَريدُtharīd (bread in broth) فيat رُؤوسthe tops of العيدانthe stalks
صارَ الثَريدُ في رُؤوس العيدان
An example is the saying of one of the Bedouins:
For example, some Bedouins said
“The tharīd is now atop the stalks.”
The grains are in the heads of the stalks
أَرادَhe meant بِالثَريدِby tharīd حَبَّthe grain of السُنبُلَهthe ear of grain
أَرادَ بِالثَريدِ حَبَّ السُنبُلَه
سَماهhe named it بِالشَيءِafter the thing الَّذيwhich يَؤولُit ultimately turns لَهinto it
سَماه بِالشَيءِ الَّذي يَؤولُ لَه
By tharīd he meant the grain of the ear,
He meant by "grains" kernels of wheat
naming it after what it would become.
He named it by that which it leads to
وَفيand in الأَعمِّthe general case جعلواthey made مَدارَهits scope
وَفي الأَعمِّ جعلوا مَدارَه
كِنايةًmetonymy تَمثيلاًfigurative analogy اِستعارَهmetaphor
كِنايةً تَمثيلاً اِستعارَه
Generally, they make its scope encompass
And in general they made its basis
metonymy, figurative analogy, and metaphor.
Metonymy, metaphor, personification
كِنايةmetonymy أَنthat تثبتyou ascribe المَعنىthe meaning لَماto that which
كِناية أَن تثبت المَعنى لَما
يَكونُis عَنfrom وجوهِهِits aspects قَدhas لزماnecessarily followed
يَكونُ عَن وجوهِهِ قَد لزما
Metonymy is to ascribe a meaning to something
Metonymy is to affirm a meaning for what
from whose aspects it necessarily follows.
Is necessarily related to it
كَقولهمas in their saying يتعبُtires هنداًHind رِدفُهاher rump
كَقولهم يتعبُ هنداً رِدفُها
كَمثلjust like ماthe fact that يريحrelieves دَعداًDaʿd عِطفُهماtheir (dual) flank
كَمثل ما يريح دَعداً عِطفُهما
As in their saying, “Hind’s rump tires her,”
As they say, "India tires its litter-bearer"
just as their flank brings Daʿd relief.
Similar to, "What comforts the forearms comforts the burdens they carry"
وَذاand this man رَمادُthe ashes of قَدرهhis cooking pot جَليلُabundant
وَذا رَمادُ قَدره جَليلُ
وَذاand this man نجادُthe baldric of سيفِهِhis sword طَويلlong
وَذا نجادُ سيفِهِ طَويل
And, “This man’s cooking-pot ashes are abundant,”
"That one has abundant ashes in his cooking-pot"
and, “This man’s sword-baldric is long.”
"And that one, his sword is long"
دَلاthe two indicate عَلىto الجودِgenerosity وَطولِand tallness of القامهstature
دَلا عَلى الجودِ وَطولِ القامه
كِلاهُماboth of them لذاof this وَذاand that علامهa sign
كِلاهُما لذا وَذا علامه
The two indicate generosity and tall stature;
Indicating generosity and tall stature
both are signs of this and that.
Both are signs of this and that
وَرُبماand sometimes يُنسَبُis ascribed ماwhat يرادُis intended
وَرُبما يُنسَبُ ما يرادُ
لشاملٍto something encompassing لِمَنof the one who لَهُbelongs to him المرادthe intended quality
لشاملٍ لِمَن لَهُ المراد
And sometimes the intended quality is ascribed
And sometimes what is intended
to something encompassing the person who possesses it.
Is attributed to an inclusive term
نَحوَas in رقاشُRaqāsh الحُسنbeauty فيin بُردَيهاher two cloaks
نَحوَ رقاشُ الحُسن في بُردَيها
وَحَبَّذاand how lovely التُفاحُthe apples فيin خَدّيهاher two cheeks
وَحَبَّذا التُفاحُ في خَدّيها
As in, “Raqāsh—beauty lies within her two cloaks,”
Such as, "Daintiness of beauty is in her cloak"
and, “How lovely the apples in her cheeks!”
And, "How splendid are the apples in her cheeks"
وَالنَحوُand grammar وَاللُغىand languages لسيبويهfor Sībawayh
وَالنَحوُ وَاللُغى لسيبويه
فيin قُبةٍa pavilion مَضروبةٍpitched عَلَيهover him
في قُبةٍ مَضروبةٍ عَلَيه
And, in Sībawayh’s case, grammar and languages
And grammar and lexicography are for Sibawayh
are in a pavilion pitched over him.
In a dome erected over him
تَمثيلهits figurative analogy كَنحوas in إِنّindeed بشراBishr
تَمثيله كَنحو إِنّ بشرا
مُقَدِّمٌputting forward رجلاًa foot مُؤخرdrawing back أُخرىanother
مُقَدِّمٌ رجلاً مُؤخر أُخرى
Its figurative analogy is like: “Indeed, Bishr
His metaphor is like, "Indeed, Bashar
puts one foot forward and draws the other back,”
Puts ahead one man, and delays another"
إِذاwhen يَكونُis فعلُهhis action تردُّداhesitation
إِذا يَكونُ فعلُه تردُّدا
فيover فعلهِhis doing أَوor تَركهhis abandoning ماwhat قَدhas بَداappeared
في فعلهِ أَو تَركه ما قَد بَدا
when his conduct amounts to hesitation
When his action is hesitation
over doing or abandoning what has presented itself.
In doing it or leaving it as it appears
وَنَحوand likewise لَمdid not يَبرحcease أَبوAbū (father of) المَناقِبal-Manāqib (virtues)
وَنَحو لَم يَبرح أَبو المَناقِب
يفتلtwists فيat ذروتهhis hump والغاربand the withers
يفتل في ذروته والغارب
And likewise, “Abū al-Manāqib kept on
And like, "Abu al-Manaqib did not budge
twisting the hair on his hump and withers,”
Storming its peak while the sun set"
إِذاwhen غَداhe set about مُستسهلاًmaking easy ماwhat استصعباhad proved difficult
إِذا غَدا مُستسهلاً ما استصعبا
كَيماso that يَنالhe may obtain مِنهfrom him ماwhat قَدhad طَلَباhe sought
كَيما يَنال مِنه ما قَد طَلَبا
when he set about easing what had proved difficult,
When what was formidable becomes easy
so as to obtain from him what he had sought.
So that he gets from it what he sought
وَجَعلكand your making اسمthe name of مُشبِهa resembling thing عبارهan expression
وَجَعلك اسم مُشبِه عباره
عَنfor مشبهa thing likened ذَلِكَthat الاستعارهmetaphor
عَن مشبه ذَلِكَ الاستعاره
And using a counterpart’s name as an expression
And makes you an object of comparison expression
for the thing likened to it—that is metaphor,
About the metaphor, that comparison
بِشَرطon condition of فقدانِthe absence of أَداةٍa marker للشَّبهfor comparison
بِشَرط فقدانِ أَداةٍ للشَّبه
وَجَعلكand your assigning الشَيءthe thing لشيءto something لَيسَis not لَهbelonging to it
وَجَعلك الشَيء لشيء لَيسَ لَه
provided no marker of comparison is present;
On condition that the tool of similarity is lost
and so is assigning to a thing what does not belong to it,
And makes the thing for a thing not for it
نَحوas in محتerased خُطاthe footprints of الدُجىdarkness كَفthe hand of الصَباحmorning
نَحو محت خُطا الدُجى كَف الصَباح
وَقَدand has جَرىflowed ريقthe saliva of النَدىdew عَلىover الأَقاحthe daisies
وَقَد جَرى ريق النَدى عَلى الأَقاح
as in, “Morning’s hand erased the footprints of darkness,
Like, "The darkness erased the lines of dawn by the palm of morning"
and dew’s saliva has flowed over the daisies.”
And "The saliva of dew flowed on the stubbles"
Claude 2 is inferred from the historical translator configuration. The original record does not identify its model.