سَلاَمٌpeace عَلَيْكُمْupon you وَالْحَوَادِثُand events أَلْوَانُcolors
سَلاَمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ وَالْحَوَادِثُ أَلْوَانُ
وَمِنْand from دُونِshort of آمَالِthe hopes of الْمُحِبِّينَlovers حِرْمَانُdeprivation
وَمِنْ دُونِ آمَالِ الْمُحِبِّينَ حِرْمَانُ
Peace be upon you; events come in many colors.
Peace be upon you, though calamities come in many forms, / And before the hopes of lovers stands deprivation.
And deprivation stands before the hopes of lovers.
Peace be upon you, as sorrow follows sorrow / Over you; as for patience in your absence, it is treacherous.
سَلاَمٌpeace عَلَيْكُمْupon you وَالأَسَىand sorrow يَتْبَعُfollows الأَسَىsorrow
سَلاَمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ وَالأَسَى يَتْبَعُ الأَسَى
عَلَيْكُمْover you فَأَمَّاbut as for الصَّبْرُpatience عَنْكُمْwithout you فَخَوَّانُthen utterly faithless
عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَمَّا الصَّبْرُ عَنْكُمْ فَخَوَّانُ
Peace be upon you, as sorrow follows sorrow
Peace be upon you, wherever your camel-litters journey, / And may God's mercy and sweet fragrances travel with you.
Over you; as for patience without you, it is faithless.
May my Lord turn the wasteland to a meadow wherever you settle, / For to me, that wasteland is a thriving civilization.
سَلاَمٌpeace عَلَيْكُمْupon you حَيْثُwherever سَارَتْtraveled حُدُوجُكُمْyour howdahs
سَلاَمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ حَيْثُ سَارَتْ حُدُوجُكُمْ
وَسَايَرَكُمْand accompany you رُوحُsolace الإِلَهِof God وَرَيْحَانُand sweet fragrance
وَسَايَرَكُمْ رُوحُ الإِلَهِ وَرَيْحَانُ
Peace be upon you wherever your howdahs travel,
O our beloveds, O garden of eternity in your splendor, / Because of your departure, fires burn within my ribs.
And may God's solace and sweet fragrance accompany you.
O our beloveds, O people of the most sound minds, / Your little servant, since you departed from him, is bewildered.
وَرَوَّضَand make verdant رَبِّيmy Lord الْقَفْرَthe wilderness حَيْثُwherever حَلَلْتُمُyou settled
وَرَوَّضَ رَبِّي الْقَفْرَ حَيْثُ حَلَلْتُمُ
بِهِin it إِنَّindeed ذَاكَthat الْقَفْرَwilderness عِنْدِيَto me عُمْرَانُa thriving settlement
بِهِ إِنَّ ذَاكَ الْقَفْرَ عِنْدِيَ عُمْرَانُ
And may my Lord make the wilderness a garden wherever you settle
O our beloveds, O people of the most profitable trade, / Your journeying without me is a ruinous loss for the heart.
There; indeed, that wilderness is to me a thriving abode.
O our beloveds, O most truthful of people, fulfill / My hopes of drawing near, for my inner depths thirst for it.
أَأَحْبَابَنَاO our beloved يَاO جَنَّةَgarden الْخُلْدِof eternity بَهْجَةًin splendor
أَأَحْبَابَنَا يَا جَنَّةَ الْخُلْدِ بَهْجَةً
لِبَيْنِكُمُbecause of your parting بَيْنَbetween الْجَوَانِحِthe ribs نِيرَانُfires
لِبَيْنِكُمُ بَيْنَ الْجَوَانِحِ نِيرَانُ
O our beloved, O garden of eternity in splendor,
O sweetest of things, how bitter is your separation! / Since you left, no solace has mingled with my heart.
Your parting sets fires burning between my ribs.
O most beautiful of things, distance from you has tarnished me, / While with you, O most beautiful of people, I used to be adorned.
أَأَحْبَابَنَاO our beloved يَاO أَرْجَحَmost judicious of النَّاسِpeople نُهْيَةًin intellect
أَأَحْبَابَنَا يَا أَرْجَحَ النَّاسِ نُهْيَةً
عُبَيْدُكُمُyour humble servant مُذْsince سِرْتُمُyou departed عَنُْهfrom him حَيْرَانُbewildered
عُبَيْدُكُمُ مُذْ سِرْتُمُ عَنُْه حَيْرَانُ
O our beloved, O wisest of all people,
O most knowledgeable of things, I have become ignorant of my paths, / Though before the separation, my heart was vigilant.
Your humble servant has been bewildered since you left him.
O most exalted of things, my worth has been lowered among you, / Though before the parting, my status was truly high.
أَأَحْبَابَنَاO our beloved يَاO يَاO أَرْبَحَmost successful of النَّاسِpeople صَفْقَةًin bargaining
أَأَحْبَابَنَا يَا يَا أَرْبَحَ النَّاسِ صَفْقَةً
مَسِيرُكُمُyour departure دُونِيwithout me لِلْقَلْبِto the heart خُسْرَانُa loss
مَسِيرُكُمُ دُونِي لِلْقَلْبِ خُسْرَانُ
O our beloved, O, O most successful of people in bargaining,
O most generous of things, how stingy is your phantom / Toward my eyes, keeping my passion wide awake.
Your departure without me is a loss to the heart.
And the vein of hope, after your departure, no longer beats; / Does hope even have an artery after the beloveds are gone?
أَأَحْبَابَنَاO our beloved يَاO أَصْدَقَtruest of النَّاسِpeople صَدِّقُواmake true
أَأَحْبَابَنَا يَا أَصْدَقَ النَّاسِ صَدِّقُوا
ظُنُونِيmy expectations بِقُرْبٍwith nearness فَالْحَشَاfor the inmost heart مِنْهُfor it ظَمْآنُthirsty
ظُنُونِي بِقُرْبٍ فَالْحَشَا مِنْهُ ظَمْآنُ
O our beloved, O truest of people, make true
Your departure has withered the gardens of my joy; / Its water does not quench thirst, nor is its pasture Sa'dan.
My expectations by drawing near, for my heart thirsts for it.
If my speech has been silenced by your distance, / My state, from what separation has left behind, is as eloquent as Sahban.
أَأَعْذَبَO sweetest شَيْءٍthing مَاhow أَمَرَّbitter فِرَاقُكُمْyour parting
أَأَعْذَبَ شَيْءٍ مَا أَمَرَّ فِرَاقُكُمْ
فَمُذْfor since بِنْتُمُyou departed مَاno خَامَرَhas touched الْقَلْبَthe heart سُلْوَانُconsolation
فَمُذْ بِنْتُمُ مَا خَامَرَ الْقَلْبَ سُلْوَانُ
O sweetest thing, how bitter is your parting!
No wasting lover, exhausted by distance and separation, / A stranger thirsting to meet his beloveds,
For since you departed, no solace has touched the heart.
Who remembers their winter camp in Najd, and is stirred / By their summer camp where the wild lotus and moringa trees meet,
أَأَحْسَنَO fairest شَيْءٍthing شَانَنِيhas marred me الْبُعْدُdistance عَنْكُمُfrom you
أَأَحْسَنَ شَيْءٍ شَانَنِي الْبُعْدُ عَنْكُمُ
وَكَنْتُand I used to بِكُمْthrough you يَاO أَجْمَلَloveliest of النَّاسِpeople أَزْدَانُbe adorned
وَكَنْتُ بِكُمْ يَا أَجْمَلَ النَّاسِ أَزْدَانُ
O fairest thing, distance from you has marred me,
And their spring camp among the hills, where are gathered / Lavender, dandelion, festive blooms, and jasmine,
And through you, O loveliest of people, I used to shine.
And who is filled with longing by Salma's litters at 'Aqil, / Enticed by the white deer and gazelles there,
أَأَعْلَمَO most knowing شَيْءٍthing قَدْindeed جَهِلْتُI no longer know مَذَاهِبِيmy paths
أَأَعْلَمَ شَيْءٍ قَدْ جَهِلْتُ مَذَاهِبِي
وَقَدْand indeed كُنْتُI was قَبْلَbefore الْبَيْنِparting قَلْبِيَmy heart شَيْحَانُvigilant
وَقَدْ كُنْتُ قَبْلَ الْبَيْنِ قَلْبِيَ شَيْحَانُ
O most knowing thing, I no longer know my paths,
Whenever a lightning flash gleams from Najd, pouring / From his eyes a heavy cloud of streaming tears,
Though before parting my heart was vigilant.
And if the breeze of Najd's Arar-flowers wafts by, / His yearning heart flies toward them—
أَأَرْفَعَO most exalted شَيْءٍthing حَطَّhas lowered قَدْرِيmy standing بَيْنَكُمْyour parting
أَأَرْفَعَ شَيْءٍ حَطَّ قَدْرِي بَيْنَكُمْ
وَقَدْand indeed كُنْتُI was مِنْfrom قَبْلِbefore النَّوَىestrangement شَأْنِيَmy standing الشَّانُtrue distinction
وَقَدْ كُنْتُ مِنْ قَبْلِ النَّوَى شَأْنِيَ الشَّانُ
O most exalted thing, your parting has lowered my standing,
Is more filled with grief and longing / For you than I am, for my chest is full of my sighs.
And before estrangement, my standing was distinction itself.
Peace be upon whoever among you accompanies the caravan, / For its companion among you is a Labid and a Hassan,
أَأَجْوَدَO most generous شَيْءٍthing مَاhow أَضَنَّstingy خَيَالَكُمْyour dream-image
أَأَجْوَدَ شَيْءٍ مَا أَضَنَّ خَيَالَكُمْ
عَلَىtoward مُقْلَتِيmy eye فَالْوَجْدُso longing مِنْbecause of ذَاكَthat يَقْضَانُawake
عَلَى مُقْلَتِي فَالْوَجْدُ مِنْ ذَاكَ يَقْضَانُ
O most generous thing, how grudging is your dream-image
And a Quss, a Sahban, a Ka'b, and a Hatim, / And our Malik, ash-Shafi'i, and Nu'man.
Toward my eye; because of that, longing stays awake.
A noble peace, like the gentle breeze of your character, / For your character, O gentlest of creation, is pure grace.
وَعِرْقُand the vein of الْمُنَىhopes مِنْbecause of بُعْدِكُمْyour distance غَيْرُnot نَابِضٍpulsing
وَعِرْقُ الْمُنَى مِنْ بُعْدِكُمْ غَيْرُ نَابِضٍ
وَهَلْand is there لِلْمُنَىfor hopes بَعْدَafter الأَحِبَّةِthe beloved شَرْيَانُan artery
وَهَلْ لِلْمُنَى بَعْدَ الأَحِبَّةِ شَرْيَانُ
And the vein of hope no longer pulses because you are distant;
The peace of a youth whom you have settled in ranks / Where the Pleiades and Saturn compete with him,
And does hope have an artery after loved ones are gone?
And you wreathed him with necklaces, asking nothing in return, / Made of triumphant precious pearls and pure gold,
وَسَيْرُكُمُand your departure أَذْوَىwithered رِيَاضَthe gardens of مَسَرَّتِيmy joy
وَسَيْرُكُمُ أَذْوَى رِيَاضَ مَسَرَّتِي
فَلاَso not مَاؤُهَاtheir water صَدّاًṢaddā, a well وَلاَnor الْنَّبْتُthe herbage سَعْدَانُsaʿdān pasture-herb
فَلاَ مَاؤُهَا صَدّاً وَلاَ الْنَّبْتُ سَعْدَانُ
And your departure has withered the gardens of my joy;
And you bestowed upon him favors without reproach, / Through which houris and gazelles flirted with him,
So their water is no Ṣaddā, nor their herbage saʿdān.
And you gave him a quenching cup of affection to drink, / So he walked among mankind entirely intoxicated by it.
لَئِنْif indeed مَنْطِقِيmy speech قَدْindeed أَخْرَسَتْهُhas silenced it نَوَاكُمُyour remoteness
لَئِنْ مَنْطِقِي قَدْ أَخْرَسَتْهُ نَوَاكُمُ
فَحَالِيthen my plight بِمَاthrough what أَبْقَىhas left مِنَfrom الْبَيْنِparting سَحْبَانُSaḥbān
فَحَالِي بِمَا أَبْقَى مِنَ الْبَيْنِ سَحْبَانُ
If your remoteness has indeed silenced my speech,
And he lived by you—may God reunite him with you / Soon, to console his sorrow, while sorrow is angered!
My plight, through what parting has left, speaks like Saḥbān.
It is incumbent upon us, when we behold your face, O Abu / Ali, to submit to whatever joy decrees,
فَمَاfor no مُدْنِفٌlovesick man أَضْنَاهُhas wasted him بُعْدٌdistance وَفُرْقَةٌand separation
فَمَا مُدْنِفٌ أَضْنَاهُ بُعْدٌ وَفُرْقَةٌ
غَرِيبٌa stranger إِلَىfor لُقْيَاmeeting الأَحِبَّةِthe beloved عَطْشَانُthirsty
غَرِيبٌ إِلَى لُقْيَا الأَحِبَّةِ عَطْشَانُ
For no lovesick man, wasted by distance and separation,
And to tear up the worn garments of melancholy when / We are met by a pool and a garden from you,
A stranger thirsting to meet his beloved,
And a luminous sun and moon, and a heavy rain, / And a sea whose sweet overflow has flooded the gulfs,
تَذَكَّرَhe recalled مَشْتَاهُمْtheir winter abode بِنَجْدٍin Najd وَهَاجَهُand stirred him
تَذَكَّرَ مَشْتَاهُمْ بِنَجْدٍ وَهَاجَهُ
مَصِيفٌa summer abode لَهُمْof theirs حَيْثُwhere الْتَقَىmet الضَّالُwild lote-trees وَالْبَانُand bān trees
مَصِيفٌ لَهُمْ حَيْثُ الْتَقَى الضَّالُ وَالْبَانُ
Who recalls their winter abode in Najd and is stirred
And the mountains of Radwa and Salma in their dignity, and towering peaks / In Najd, and the ranges of as-Sarat and Thahlan.
By their summer abode, where wild lote-trees and bān trees meet,
There, Ibn Zakur's desire will be fulfilled, / And the face of his hopes will appear to him, exceedingly beautiful.
وَمَرْبَعُهُمْand their spring abode بَيْنَamong الرُّبَىthe hills حَيْثُwhere جُمِّعَتْwere gathered
وَمَرْبَعُهُمْ بَيْنَ الرُّبَى حَيْثُ جُمِّعَتْ
خُزَامَىlavender وَيَعْضِيدٌand yaʿḍīd herbs وَعِيدٌand ʿīd shrubs وَظَيَّانُand ẓayyān clematis
خُزَامَى وَيَعْضِيدٌ وَعِيدٌ وَظَيَّانُ
And their spring abode among the hills, where are gathered
Lavender, yaʿḍīd, ʿīd, and ẓayyān,
وَشَاقَتْهُand made him yearn أَحْدَاجٌhowdahs لِسَلْمَىof Salmā بِعَاقِلٍat ʿĀqil
وَشَاقَتْهُ أَحْدَاجٌ لِسَلْمَى بِعَاقِلٍ
وَأَغْرَتْهُand enticed him آرَامٌwhite antelopes هُنَاكَthere وَغِزْلاَنُand gazelles
وَأَغْرَتْهُ آرَامٌ هُنَاكَ وَغِزْلاَنُ
Whom Salmā's howdahs at ʿĀqil fill with yearning,
And whom white antelopes and gazelles there entice—
مَتىَwhenever لاَحَflashed مِنْfrom نَجْدٍNajd بَرِيقٌa gleam يُرَاقُis poured مِنْfrom
مَتىَ لاَحَ مِنْ نَجْدٍ بَرِيقٌ يُرَاقُ مِنْ
مَحَاجِرِهِhis eye-sockets مُزْنٌa rain-cloud مِنَof الدَّمْعِtears هَتَّانُstreaming abundantly
مَحَاجِرِهِ مُزْنٌ مِنَ الدَّمْعِ هَتَّانُ
Whenever a gleam flashes from Najd, there pours from
His eye-sockets a rain-cloud of streaming tears;
وَإِنْand if فَاحَwafted fragrantly مِنْfrom نَجْدٍNajd نَسِيمُthe breeze of عَرَارِهِits ʿarār blossoms
وَإِنْ فَاحَ مِنْ نَجْدٍ نَسِيمُ عَرَارِهِ
يَطِيرُflies بِهِwith it قَلْبٌa heart إِلَيْهِمُtoward them حَنَّانُyearning
يَطِيرُ بِهِ قَلْبٌ إِلَيْهِمُ حَنَّانُ
And if a breeze from Najd wafts the scent of its ʿarār,
His yearning heart flies with it toward them—
بِأَكْثَرَany greater مِنِّيthan I حَسْرَةًin sorrow وَتَشَوُّقاًand longing
بِأَكْثَرَ مِنِّي حَسْرَةً وَتَشَوُّقاً
إِلَيْكُمْfor you فَصَدْرِيfor my breast مِنْfrom زَفِيرِيmy sighing مَلْآنُfull
إِلَيْكُمْ فَصَدْرِي مِنْ زَفِيرِي مَلْآنُ
Is greater than I in sorrow and longing
For you; my breast is full of my sighs.
سَلاَمٌpeace عَلَىupon مَاwhoever رَافَقَaccompanied الرَّكْبَthe caravan مِنْكُمُamong you
سَلاَمٌ عَلَى مَا رَافَقَ الرَّكْبَ مِنْكُمُ
لِرَافِقِهِfor its companion مِنْكُمْamong you لَبِيدٌLabīd وَحَسَّانُand Ḥassān
لِرَافِقِهِ مِنْكُمْ لَبِيدٌ وَحَسَّانُ
Peace upon whoever among you accompanied the caravan;
For its companion, among you are Labīd and Ḥassān,
وَقُسٌّand Quss وَسَحْبَانٌand Saḥbān وَكَعْبٌand Kaʿb وَحَاتِمُand Ḥātim
وَقُسٌّ وَسَحْبَانٌ وَكَعْبٌ وَحَاتِمُ
وَمَالِكُنَاand our Mālik وَالشَّافِعِيُّand al-Shāfiʿī وَنُعْمَانُand Nuʿmān
وَمَالِكُنَا وَالشَّافِعِيُّ وَنُعْمَانُ
And Quss, Saḥbān, Kaʿb, and Ḥātim,
And our Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and Nuʿmān.
سَلاَمٌa greeting كَرِيمٌnoble مِثْلَlike نَسْمَةِthe breeze of خُلْقِكُمْyour character
سَلاَمٌ كَرِيمٌ مِثْلَ نَسْمَةِ خُلْقِكُمْ
فخُلْقُكُمُfor your character يَاO أَلْيَنِgentlest of الْخَلْقِcreatures رِضْوَانُRiḍwān
فخُلْقُكُمُ يَا أَلْيَنِ الْخَلْقِ رِضْوَانُ
A noble greeting, like the breeze of your character;
For your character, O gentlest of creatures, is Riḍwān.
سَلاَمُthe greeting of فَتىًa young man بَوَّأْتُمُوهُyou established him in مَرَاتِباًranks
سَلاَمُ فَتىً بَوَّأْتُمُوهُ مَرَاتِباً
فَنَافَسَهُso vied with him فِيهَاin them الثُّرَيَّاthe Pleiades وَكِيوَانُand Saturn
فَنَافَسَهُ فِيهَا الثُّرَيَّا وَكِيوَانُ
The greeting of a young man whom you established in ranks
Where the Pleiades and Saturn vied with him.
وَطَوَّقْتُمُوهُand you adorned him with لاَلِشَيْءٍfor no reason قَلاَئِداًnecklaces
وَطَوَّقْتُمُوهُ لاَلِشَيْءٍ قَلاَئِداً
فَفَازَso triumphed لَهَاfor them دُرٌّpearls ثَمِينٌprecious وَعِقْيَانُand pure gold
فَفَازَ لَهَا دُرٌّ ثَمِينٌ وَعِقْيَانُ
And you hung necklaces upon him, without cause,
So precious pearls and pure gold triumphed for them.
وَأَوْلَيْتُمُوهُand you bestowed on him لاَnot بِمَنٍّwith reminders of favor فَوَائِداًbenefits
وَأَوْلَيْتُمُوهُ لاَ بِمَنٍّ فَوَائِداً
فَغَازَلَهُso courted him مِنْهُنَّfrom among them حُورٌhouris وَغِزْلاَنُand gazelles
فَغَازَلَهُ مِنْهُنَّ حُورٌ وَغِزْلاَنُ
And you bestowed benefits on him without reminders of your favor,
So from among them houris and gazelles courted him.
وَسَقَيْتُمُوهُand you gave him to drink كَأْسَa cup of وُدٍّlove رَوِيَّةًthirst-quenching
وَسَقَيْتُمُوهُ كَأْسَ وُدٍّ رَوِيَّةً
فَرَاحَso he went forth بِهَاwith it بَيْنَamong الْوَرَىmankind وَهْوَwhile he was نَشْوَانُintoxicated
فَرَاحَ بِهَا بَيْنَ الْوَرَى وَهْوَ نَشْوَانُ
And you gave him a thirst-quenching cup of love,
So he went among mankind, intoxicated with it.
وَكَانَand he used to بِكُمْthrough you فَاللهُso may God يَجْمَعُهُreunite him بِكُمْwith you
وَكَانَ بِكُمْ فَاللهُ يَجْمَعُهُ بِكُمْ
قَرِيباًsoon يًسَلِّيsoothe الْهَمَّsorrow وَالْهَمُّand sorrow غَضْبَانُangry
قَرِيباً يًسَلِّي الْهَمَّ وَالْهَمُّ غَضْبَانُ
And through you he used—may God reunite him with you
Soon—to soothe sorrow, though sorrow raged.
عَلَيْنَاupon us إِذَاwhen شِمْنَاwe beheld مُحَيَّاكَyour face يَاO أَبَاAbū, father of
عَلَيْنَا إِذَا شِمْنَا مُحَيَّاكَ يَا أَبَا
عَلِيٍّʿAlī لِمَاto what تَقْضِيdecrees الْمَسَرَّةُjoy إِذْعَانُsubmission
عَلِيٍّ لِمَا تَقْضِي الْمَسَرَّةُ إِذْعَانُ
We must, when we behold your face, O Abū
ʿAlī, submit to whatever joy decrees,
وَتَمْزِيقُand the tearing of أَطْمَارِthe rags of الْكَآبَةِgloom عِنْدَمَاwhenever
وَتَمْزِيقُ أَطْمَارِ الْكَآبَةِ عِنْدَمَا
يُقَابِلُنَاmeets us مِنْكُمْin you غَدِيرٌa pool وَبُسْتَانُand a garden
يُقَابِلُنَا مِنْكُمْ غَدِيرٌ وَبُسْتَانُ
And tear apart the rags of gloom whenever
We are met in you by a pool and a garden,
وَشَمْسٌand a sun وَبَدْرٌand a full moon نَيِّرَانِboth radiant وَوَابِلٌand a downpour
وَشَمْسٌ وَبَدْرٌ نَيِّرَانِ وَوَابِلٌ
وَبَحْرٌand a sea طَمَىoverflowed مِنْfrom فَيْضِهِits overflow الْعَذْبِsweet خُلْجَانُgulfs
وَبَحْرٌ طَمَى مِنْ فَيْضِهِ الْعَذْبِ خُلْجَانُ
And a sun and full moon, both radiant, and a downpour,
And a sea from whose sweet overflow gulfs brim,
وَرَضْوْىand Raḍwā وَسَلْمَىand Salmā فِيin الْوَقَارِdignity وَشُمَّخٌand towering peaks
وَرَضْوْى وَسَلْمَى فِي الْوَقَارِ وَشُمَّخٌ
بِنَجْدٍin Najd وَأَطْوَادُand the mountains of السَّرَاةِal-Sarāt وَثَهْلاَنُand Thahlān
بِنَجْدٍ وَأَطْوَادُ السَّرَاةِ وَثَهْلاَنُ
And, in dignity, Raḍwā and Salmā, and towering peaks
In Najd, and the mountains of al-Sarāt, and Thahlān.
هُنَاكَthere ابْنُIbn, son of زَاكُورٍZākūr يَتِمُّis fulfilled مُرَادُهُhis desire
هُنَاكَ ابْنُ زَاكُورٍ يَتِمُّ مُرَادُهُ
وَيَبْدُوand appears لَهُto him وَجْهُthe face of الْمُنَىhopes وَهْوَand it is حُسَّانُexceedingly beautiful
وَيَبْدُو لَهُ وَجْهُ الْمُنَى وَهْوَ حُسَّانُ
There Ibn Zākūr's desire is fulfilled,
And the face of hope appears to him, exceedingly beautiful.
Partial English translation: 36 of 72 Arabic lines translated.